Observations placeholder
Dr Duke's list of chemicals and activity for the Shallot
Identifier
017969
Type of Spiritual Experience
Background
Altogether Dr Duke lists some 800 activities for shallots. The activities are partly shown in the list below for those chemicals that are not yet on the site, otherwise, a chemical like zinc, for example, is simply cross referenced as zinc, because its activity is provided under the zinc heading. We have tried to summarise some other major activity in the list below, but have concentrated on anti-pathogenitic activity, as much of the time the plant exerts its action via its ability to fight pathogens.
Chelation
Shallots appear to be chelating agents of some very key heavy metals and contaminants. Thus the bad news is that if your soil is contaminated, the shallot you are eating could contain some pretty toxic stuff. The good news is that if they are this efficacious as chelators then they could be used as bioremedial plants and safely disposed of down some deep hole once they have done their stuff.
Furthermore, if grown on clean soil free of contaminants, they could chelate us
The main contaminants in Dr Duke’s sample were as follows
- ALUMINUM Bulb 0.3 - 385 ppm
- ARSENIC Bulb 0.002 - 0.076 ppm
- BARIUM Bulb 4 - 28 ppm
- BROMINE Bulb 1 - 15 ppm
- CADMIUM Bulb 0.005 - 0.38 ppm
- ETHANOL Bulb:
- FLUORINE Bulb 0.04 - 0.8 ppm
- LEAD Bulb 0.01 - 1.4 ppm
- LITHIUM Bulb 0.152 - 0.324 ppm
- MERCURY Bulb 0.001 ppm;
- METHANOL Bulb:
- NICKEL Bulb 0.05 - 2.5 ppm Seed 0.03 - 4 ppm
- RUBIDIUM Bulb 0.14 - 6.6 ppm
- SILVER Bulb 0.038 - 0.054 ppm
- STRONTIUM Bulb 57 - 162 ppm
- TITANIUM Bulb 0.38 - 11 ppm
- ZIRCONIUM Bulb 0.76 - 1 ppm
In order to reinforce these findings, Dr Duke also has activity that shows that shallots can be used as an antidote to a number of the same substances, plus a few extra
- Antidote =Sodium-bicarbonate
- Antidote (Acetaminophen) 10 g/16hr/man/orl
- Antidote (Aluminum)
- Antidote (Cadmium)
- Antidote (Hypoglycin-A)
- Antidote (Lead)
- Antidote (Mercury)
- Antidote (Paracetamol)
- Antidote (Paraquat)
A description of the experience
Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases - Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Allium cepa L. (Liliaceae) -- Onion, Shallot
5-HEXYL-CYCLOPENTA-1,3-DIONE Bulb: Antiseptic; Pesticide
5-OCTYL-CYCLOPENTA-1,3-DIONE Bulb: Antiseptic; Pesticide
ABSCISSIC-ACID Bulb: Juvabional; Pesticide; Phytohormonal [Any of various hormones produced by plants that control or regulate germination, growth, metabolism, or other physiological activities. Also called phytohormone.]
ACETIC-ACID Bulb: Antibacterial 5,000 ppm; Antisalmonella [Salmonella is a genus of bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Strains of Salmonella cause illnesses such as typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and food poisoning (Salmonellosis)]; Fungicide; Pesticide; Verrucolytic [verrucas are warts caused by viruses]
ALANINE Bulb 330 - 8,597 ppm Antioxidant; Cancer-Preventive; Oxidant
ALLICIN Bulb: Alcohol-Dehydrogenase-Inhibitor 500 uM; Allergenic; Amebicide 30 ug/ml; Anthelmintic; Antiaggregant 0.1-1 uM; Antiatherosclerotic 0.05-0.1 mg/kg orl hmn; Antibacterial 500 ug/ml MIC=27 ug/ml; Antibiotic; Anticholinesterase 500 uM; Antidiabetic; Antiflu; Antiglaucomic; Antiherpetic; Antihypertensive; Antiinflammatory; Antileukemic 31+ uM; Antileukotriene; Antilymphomic; Antimutagenic; Antineuralgic; Antioxidant 1.8 ug/ml; Antiplatelet; Antiproliferant; Antiprostaglandin IC67=50 uM; Antiradicular 1.8 ug/ml; Antisarcomic; Antiseptic; Antishigellic; Antistaphylococcic MIC=27 ug/ml; Antitriglyceride 0.05-0.1 mg/kg orl hmn; Antitubercular MIC=1.67 mg/ml; Antitumor; Antiviral; Apoptotic 31+ uM; Calcium-Antagonist IC50=56 uM gpg; Candidicide MIC 7 ug/ml; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor; Fungicide; Gram(+)icide 8-12 ppm; Gram(-)icide; Hepatotoxic 100 mg/kg/day (=500 cloves a day); Hypocholesterolemic 0.05-0.1 mg/kg orl hmn IC37-72=162 ug/ml IC50=9 uM; Hypoglycemic 0.1 mg/kg; Hypolipidemic ID50=10 uM; Immunostimulant; Insecticide; Insulin-Sparing 100 mg/kg/man; Larvicide; Lipolytic 4-6 mg/day; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor ED=25 ug/ml; Mucokinetic; Mycobactericide MIC=1.67 mg/ml; Nematicide; NO-Inhibitor IC50=2.5-5 uM; Papain-Inhibitor 500 uM; Pesticide; Phagocytotic; Prooxidant; Prostaglandin-Synthetase-Inhibitor; Succinate-Dehydrogenase-Inhibitor; Trichomonicide; Urease-Inhibitor; Vibriocide; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor
ALLIIN Bulb: Antiaggregant IC100=60 ug/ml; Antibacterial; Antibiotic; Antidiabetic 200 mg/kg; Antihepatotoxic 0.5 ug/ml; Antineuralgic; Antioxidant; Antiplatelet; Antiradicular; Antisarcomic 1-3 mg ims rat; Antithrombotic; Antitumor; Hepatoprotective; Hypocholesterolemic; Hypoglycemic; Immunostimulant; Lipolytic 200 mg/kg orl rat 7-11 mg/day; Pesticide; Phagocytotic; Squalene-Monooxygenase-Inhibitor IC50=120 uM/l
ALLYL-PROPYL-DISULFIDE Bulb: Hypoglycemic; Insulin-Sparing 125 mg/kg/man; Occuloirritant
ALPHA-AMYRIN Bulb: Analgesic; Antiedemic IC43=40 mg/kg ipr rat; Antiinflammatory IC71=1,000 ppm orl; Antinociceptive; Antitumor; Antiulcer; Cytotoxic 50-400; Gastroprotective; Hepatoprotective; Insectifuge
ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL Bulb 0.4 - 30 ppm [Vitamin E]
ARGININE Bulb 1,580 - 17,222 ppm [amino acid]
ARSENIC Bulb 0.002 - 0.076 ppm
ASCORBIC-ACID Bulb 60 - 2,703 ppm Leaf 390 - 5,000 ppm [vitamin C]
ASPARAGINE Bulb: Antisickling; Diuretic
ASPARTIC-ACID Bulb 640 - 6,967 ppm Antimorphinic; Neuroexcitant; Roborant
BENZYL-ISOTHIOCYANATE Bulb: Albuminurigenic; Allergenic; Anthelmintic; Antiasthmatic; Antibacterial; Antibiotic; Antimutagenic; Antineoplastic; Antinitrosaminic; Antitumor; Antiviral; Flatulent; Fungicide; Herbicide IC100=0.4 mM; Insecticide; Irritant; Laxative 90 mg cow; Nematicide 0.3-6 mM; Pesticide; Viristat
BETA-CAROTENE Bulb 52 ppm; Flower 28 ppm; Leaf 12 - 158 ppm [Vitamin A]
BETA-SITOSTEROL Bulb:
Androgenic; Angiogenic; Anorexic; Antiadenomic; Antiandrogenic; Antibacterial; Anticancer (Breast); Anticancer (Cervix); Anticancer (Lung); Antiedemic IC54=320 mg/kg orl; Antiestrogenic; Antifeedant; Antifertility; Antigonadotrophic; Antihyperlipoproteinaemic; Antiinflammatory; Antileukemic; Antilymphomic; Antimutagenic 250 ug/ml; Antiophidic 2.3 mg mus; Antioxidant IC44=10 uM; Antiprogestational; Antiprostaglandin 30 mg/day/12 wks; Antiprostatadenomic; Antiprostatitic 10-20 mg 3 x/day/orl man; Antipyretic; Antitumor (Breast); Antitumor (Cervix); Antitumor (Lung); Antiviral; Apoptotic; Artemicide LC50=110 ppm; Cancer-Preventive; Candidicide; Caspase-8-Inducer; Estrogenic; Febrifuge; Gonadotrophic; Hepatoprotective; Hypocholesterolemic 2-6 g/man/day/orl 9-3,330 mg/man/day/orl; Hypoglycemic; Hypolipidemic 2-6 g/day; Pesticide; Spermicide; Ubiquiot; Ulcerogenic 500 mg/kg ipr rat
BORON Bulb 1 - 45 ppm mineral
CAFFEIC-ACID Bulb: see link
CALCIUM Bulb 200 - 3,008 ppm mineral
CALCIUM-OXALATE Bulb: Emetic; Inflammatory; Laxative; Lithogenic
CAMPESTEROL Bulb: Antioxidant IC37=10 uM; Hypocholesterolemic
CARBOHYDRATES Bulb 73,200 - 798,000 ppm Leaf 47,000 - 603,000 ppm
CATECHOL Bulb: Allelochemic IC50=0.65 mM; Allergenic; Anticancer (Breast); Antigonadotropic; Antioxidant; Antiseptic; Antistomatitic; Antithiamin; Antithyreotropic; Antitumor; Antitumor (Breast); Antiviral; Cancer-Preventive; Carcinogenic 0.8% diet 2% diet; Co-carcinogenic; Convulsant; Dermatitigenic; Herbicide; Pesticide; Quinone-Reductase-Inducer; Tumor-Promoter <0.2% diet
CHOLINE Bulb 830 ppm; see link
CHROMIUM Bulb 0.057 - 4 ppm Seed 4.8 ppm; mineral
CITRIC-ACID Bulb: Allergenic; Alpha-Amylase-Inhibitor; Antiaphthic 20,000 ppm; Antiatherosclerotic; Antibacterial; Anticalculic; Anticoagulant; Antileishmanic; Antimutagenic; Antioxidant Synergist; Antiseborrheic; Antiseptic; Antitubercular; Antitumor; Disinfectant; FLavor FEMA 370-4,400; Hemostat; Irritant; Laxative?; Litholytic; Mycobactericide; Odontolytic; Refrigerant
COBALT Bulb 0.001 - 0.2 ppm Seed 2.5 ppm; mineral
COPPER Bulb 0.3 - 11 ppm Seed 18.2 ppm; mineral
CYCLOALLIIN Bulb: Antiaggregant; Fibrinolytic; Lachrymatory
CYCLOARTENOL Bulb: Antibacterial; Antiinflammatory; Antirheumatic 2-5 mg/man; Antistaphylococcic; Hypocholesterolemic; Pesticide; Ubiquiot
CYCLOEUCALENOL Bulb: Antibacterial; Antistaphylococcic; Pesticide
CYSTEINE Bulb: amino acid
CYSTINE Bulb 210 - 2,289 ppm Adjuvant; Antihomocystinuric
DIMETHYL-DISULFIDE Bulb: Antithyroid; Perfumery Fragrance
DIPHENYLAMINE Bulb 14 - 11,000 ppm Antidiabetic 10 mg/kg orl rbt; Hypoglycemic; Nephrotoxic 35 mg/day (=100 g onion)
ETHANOL Bulb: Allergenic; Anesthetic 4,000 orl cat 6,000 orl rat; Anhydrotic; Antiatherosclerotic; Antibacterial; Antipruritic; Antiseptic; CNS-Depressant; Expectorant; Hepatotoxic; Hypertensive >1 drink/day; Hypnotic Antidote=Naloxone; Hypocalcemic 4,000 orl rat; Hypotensive 1 drink/day; Mucotropic; Neurolytic; Pesticide; Rubefacient; Sclerosant; Surfactant; Teratogenic 6,000 orl dog; Tremorilytic; Ulcerogenic 5 ml/kg (50%) orl rat
FAT Bulb 1,000 - 36,079 ppm Leaf 6,000 - 77,000 ppm
FERULIC-ACID Bulb: see link
FIBER Bulb 4,400 - 126,000 ppm Leaf 11,000 - 141,000 ppm
FLUORINE Bulb 0.04 - 0.8 ppm
FRUCTOSE Bulb 65,600 - 162,600 ppm Antialcoholic; Antidiabetic; Antihangover; Antiketotic; Antinauseant; Laxative; Neoplastic; Sweetener 2 x glucose
FUMARIC-ACID Bulb: Acidulant; Antidermatitic; Antihepatocarcinogenic IC100=1% (diet); Antioxidant; Antipsoriac; Antitumor; FLavor FEMA 50-3,600
GLUCOSE Bulb 102,000 - 158,600 ppm Acetylcholinergic; Antiedemic; Antihepatotoxic; Antiketotic; Antivaricose; Hyperglycemic; Memory-Enhancer
GLUTAMINE Bulb: amino acid
GLYCINE Bulb 490 - 5,341 ppm amino acid
GLYCOLIC-ACID Bulb: Cholesterolytic; Diuretic; Hepatotonic; Irritant
HISTIDINE Bulb 190 - 2,071 ppm amino acid
IRON Bulb 2 - 135 ppm Leaf 34 - 436 ppm Seed 235 ppm; mineral
ISOLEUCINE Bulb 420 - 4,578 ppm amino acid
KAEMPFEROL Bulb: see link
LEUCINE Bulb 410 - 4,469 ppm amino acid
LINOLEIC-ACID Seed Oil: see link
LITHIUM Bulb 0.152 - 0.324 ppm Antidepressant; Antihyperthyroid; Antimanic; AntiPMS; Antipsychotic; Antischizophrenic; Antiviral; Cholinergic; Deliriant; Natriuretic; Nephrotoxic
LYSINE Bulb 560 - 6,104 ppm amino acid
MAGNESIUM Bulb 76 - 1,230 ppm mineral
MALIC-ACID Bulb: Leaf: Antiatherosclerotic; Antibacterial; Antifibromyalgic 300 mg 3x/day; Antioxidant Synergist; Antiseborrheic; Antiseptic; Antitubercular; Antitumor; Bacteristat; Bruchiphobe; Hemopoietic; Laxative?; Mycobactericide; Pesticide; Sialogogue
MANGANESE Bulb 1 - 38 ppm Seed 19.4 ppm; mineral
METHANOL Bulb: Antidote =Sodium-bicarbonate; AntiHIV EC50=<20 ug/ml
METHIONINE Bulb 100 - 1,090 ppm amino acid
MOLYBDENUM Bulb 0.1 - 2.3 ppm mineral
MUFA Bulb 230 - 2,230 ppm Allergenic; Anemiagenic; Antiinflammatory IC50=21 uM; Antileukotriene-D4; Cancer-Preventive; Choleretic 5 ml/man; Dermatitigenic; FLavor FEMA 1-30; Hypocholesterolemic; Insectifuge; Irritant; Percutaneostimulant; Perfumery
MYRISTIC-ACID Bulb 10 - 100 ppm Antioxidant IC71=60; Cancer-Preventive; Cosmetic; Hypercholesterolemic; Lubricant; Nematicide
NIACIN Bulb 1 - 75 ppm Leaf 7 - 90 ppm Vitamin B3
OLEANOLIC-ACID Bulb: Abortifacient; Antiallergic; Antiarrhythmic 40 mg/kg; Antiatherosclerotic; Antibacterial MIC=625-1,250 ug/ml; Anticarcinomic; Anticariogenic; Anticomplement IC40-50 0.01 mM/l gpg IC80-90 0.05 mM/l gpg; Antiedemic IC36=40 mg/kg ipr rat; Antifertility; Antigingivitic MIC=625-1,250 ug/ml; Antihepatotoxic; AntiHIV EC50=1.7 ug/ml IC50=21.8 ug/ml; Antihyperlipidemic; Antiinflammatory 40 mg/kg ipr; Antiischemic 40 mg/kg; Antileukemic; Antileukotriene IC50=17 uM; Antimalarial IC50=70-89 ug/ml; Antinephritic IC50=19-24 uM; Antioxidant IC46=10 uM; Antiperiodontic MIC=625-1,250 ug/ml; Antiperoxidant IC30=200 ug/ml; AntiPGE2 IC50=24 uM; Antiplaque MIC=625-1,250 ug/ml; Antiplasmodial IC50=70-89 ug/ml; Antisarcomic; Antiseptic MIC=625-1,250 ug/ml; AntiTGF-beta IC50=19-24 uM; Antitumor; Antitumor (Breast); Antitumor (Colon); Antitumor (Kidney); Antitumor (Lung); Antitumor (Pancreas); Antiulcer >carbenoxolone; Antiviral EC50=1.7 ug/ml IC50=21.8 ug/ml; Aromatase-Inhibitor; Beta-Blocker; Beta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor ~100 mg/kg; Cancer-Preventive; Cardioprotective 40 mg/kg; Cardiotonic; COX-2-Inhibitor IC50=295 uM/; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor; Diuretic; Elastase-Inhibitor IC50=~15 uM; Hepatoprotective; Hypolipemic; Hypotensive; Immunomodulator; Leucocytogenic; NF-kB-Inhibitor; Phagocytotic; Piscicide; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor igs mus; Sedative; Uterotonic; Vasopressor
OLEIC-ACID Bulb 230 - 2,230 ppm Seed Oil: 5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor; Allergenic; Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor; Anemiagenic; Antialopecic; Antiandrogenic; Antiinflammatory IC50=21 uM; Antileukotriene-D4; Cancer-Preventive; Choleretic 5 ml/man; Dermatitigenic; FLavor FEMA 1-30; Hypocholesterolemic; Insectifuge; Irritant; Percutaneostimulant; Perfumery; Propecic
OXALIC-ACID Bulb 10 ppm; Acaricide; Antiseptic; CNS-Paralytic; Fatal; Hemostatic; Irritant; Pesticide; Renotoxic; Varroacide
P-COUMARIC-ACID Bulb: Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 4 ug/ml (weak activity); Allelopathic; Antibacterial; Anticlastogen; Antifertility; Antihepatotoxic; Antileukemic IC50=25-56 ug/ml; Antinitrosaminic; Antioxidant 1/3 BHA IC24=30 ppm; Antiperoxidant IC50=>100 uM; Antiseptic; Antispasmodic; Antitumor; Cancer-Preventive; Chemopreventive; Choleretic; Cytotoxic; Diaphoretic?; Fungicide; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC11=5 mM; Pesticide; Prostaglandigenic; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor; Tyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=3,650 uM
PALMITIC-ACID Bulb 240 - 2,325 ppm 5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor; Antialopecic; Antiandrogenic; Antifibrinolytic; Antioxidant IC40=60; FLavor FEMA 1; Hemolytic; Hypercholesterolemic; Lubricant; Nematicide; Pesticide; Propecic; Soap
PANTOTHENIC-ACID Bulb 1 - 16 ppm [Vitamin B5]
PECTIN Bulb: Antiatheromic 15 g/man/day; Antibacterial; Antidiabetic 10 g/man/day/orl; Antidiarrheic; Antienteritic; Antigallstone; Antigastritic; Antilithic; Antimetastatic; Antimutagenic; Antiobesity; Antitumor (Colon); Antitumor (Prostate); Antitussive; Antiulcer; Cancer-Preventive; Chemopreventive; Demulcent; Fungicide; Hemostat; Hypocholesterolemic; Hypoglycemic; Peristaltic; Pesticide
PHENYLALANINE Bulb 300 - 3,270 ppm amino acid
PHLOROGLUCINOL Bulb 100 ppm; Antiseptic; Antispasmodic 480 mg/day/orl man; Antitumor-Promoter; Cancer-Preventive; Decalcifier; Fungicide; Goitrogenic; Pesticide
PHOSPHORUS Bulb 275 - 4,038 ppm Leaf 310 - 5,513 ppm mineral
PHYTOSTEROLS Bulb 150 - 1,455 ppm Antiprostatotic; Hypocholesterolemic
POTASSIUM Bulb 1,514 - 22,164 ppm mineral
PROLINE Bulb 370 - 4,033 ppm amino acid
PROSTAGLANDIN-A-1 Bulb 1 ppm; Cancer-Preventive; Hypotensive
PROTEIN Bulb 10,940 - 162,000 ppm Leaf 18,000 - 231,000 ppm
PROTOCATECHUIC-ACID Bulb 4,500 - 17,540 ppm Allergenic; Alpha-Glucosidase-Inhibitor; Antiarrhythmic; Antiasthmatic; Antibacterial; Anticlastogen; Antihepatotoxic; Antiherpetic; Antiinflammatory; Antiischemic; AntiLegionella; Antileukemic; Antimelanogenic ID60=0.5 uM/ml; Antimutagenic; Antiophidic; Antioxidant 1/2 BHT 10 x alpha-tocopherol 2/3 quercetin; Antiperoxidant IC50=>100 uM IC75=200 ug/ml; Antiradicular; Antiseptic; Antispasmodic EC50=4.6-17 uM; Antitumor (Colon); Antitumor (Mouth); Antitumor (Skin); Antitussive; Antiviral; Apoptotic; Carcinogenic; Cardioprotective; Chemopreventive 100 ppm orl rat; Fungicide 500 ug/ml; Glutathione-Depleting; Hepatotoxic; Immunostimulant; Nephrotoxic; Pesticide; Phagocytotic; Prostaglandigenic; Secretogogue; Tyrosinase-Inhibitor ID60=0.5 uM/ml; Ubiquiot
PUFA Bulb 620 - 6,005 ppm Antiacne; Antieczemic; AntiMS; Antipolyneuritic
PYROCATECHOL Bulb: Anticancer (Breast); Antihepatotoxic; Antioxidant; Antiseptic; Cardiovascular 100 mg/kg ivn dog; CNS-Stimulant 5 mg/kg ivn cat; Dermatitigenic; Dye; Insectifuge; Nematicide; Pesticide; Quinone-Reductase-Inducer
QUERCETIN Bulb 48,100 ppm; 11B-HSD-Inhibitor; 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC50 (uM)=4; Aldehyde-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC70-96=10 uM; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 uM 4 ug/ml IC50=0.344 uM IC50=0.84 ug/ml cow; Allelochemic IC82=1 mM; Allergenic; Analgesic; Antiaflatoxin IC50=25 uM IC50=7.5 ppm; Antiaggregant 30 uM IC50=55 uM; Antiaging; Antiallergic IC50=14 uM; Antialzheimeran; Antianaphylactic; Antiangiogenic; Antiarthritic; Antiasthmatic; Antiatherosclerotic; Antibacterial; Anticarcinomic (Breast) IC50=1.5 uM; Anticariogenic ID50=120 ug/ml; Anticataract; Anticolitic 400 mg/man/3x/day; Anticomplementary; AntiCrohn's; Anticystitic 1,000 mg/day/4 weeks; Antidepressant; Antidermatitic; Antidiabetic; Antielastase IC50=0.8 ug/ml; Antiencephalitic; Antiescherichic; Antiestrogenic; Antifeedant IC52=<1,000 ppm diet; Antifibrosarcomic; Antiflu; Antigastric; Antigonadotropic; AntiGTF ID50=120 ug/ml; Antihepatotoxic; Antiherpetic 48-150 ug/ml; Antihistaminic IC50=<10 uM; AntiHIV; Antihydrophobic; Antihypertensive; Antiinflammatory 20-150 mg/kg; Antileishmanic IC50=64; Antileukemic 5.5-60 uM IC50=10 uM IC50=>10 ug/ml; Antileukotriene; Antilipoperoxidant IC67=50; Antimalarial IC50=1-6.4 ug/ml; Antimelanomic; Antimetastatic; Antimutagenic ID50=0.62 ug/ml ID50=2-5 nM; Antimyocarditic; Antinitrosaminic; Antinociceptive; Antioxidant 4.7 x Vit. E ED50=2.3 uM IC47=10 uM IC96=300 ppm; Antipancreatitic; Antiperiodontal; Antiperistaltic; Antipermeability; Antiperoxidant; Antipharyngitic; Antiplaque; Antiplasmodial IC50=13-64; AntiPMS 500 mg/2x/day/wmn; Antipodriac; Antipolio; Antiproliferant 10 nM; Antiprostanoid; Antiprostatitic; Antipsoriac; Antiradicular IC50=4.6 uM; Antispasmodic; Antistreptococcic ID50=120 ug/ml; Antithiamin; Antithrombic; Antitrypanosomic IC50=13; Antitumor 10 uM; Antitumor (Bladder); Antitumor (Breast); Antitumor (Colon); Antitumor (Lung); Antitumor (Ovary); Antitumor (Skin) 20 uM; Antitumor-Promoter; Antiulcer; Antiviral 48-150 ug/ml IC50=10 uM; Apoptotic 20-60 uM; ATPase-Inhibitor; Bacteristat 10 mg/ml; Bradycardiac; Calmodulin-Antagonist; cAMP-Phosphodiesterase-Inhibitor; Cancer-Preventive; Candidicide; Capillariprotective; Carcinogenic 40,000 ppm (diet) mus; Catabolic; COMT-Inhibitor; Copper-Chelator; COX-2-Inhibitor <40 uM; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor; Cytochrome-P450-1A2-Inhibitor; Cytotoxic ED50=70 ug/ml IC82=100 ug/ml; Deiodinase-Inhibitor; Diaphoretic?; Differentiator 5.5 uM; Estrogenic 10% genistein; Fungicide; Glucosyl-Transferase-Inhibitor ID50=120 ug/ml; Hemostat; Hepatomagenic 5,000 ppm (diet) rat; Hepatoprotective; HIV-RT-Inhibitor IC50=<1 ug/ml; Hypoglycemic 100 mg/kg orl rat; iNOS-Inhibitor IC50=20 uM; Inotropic; Insulinogenic; Juvabional; Larvistat 8,000 ppm diet; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC11=1.25 mM IC50=0.1-5 uM; MAO-A-Inhibitor; Mast-Cell-Stabilizer; Metal-Chelator (Copper); Metalloproteinase-Inhibitor IC50=>42 uM; MMP-9-Inhibitor 20 uM; Mutagenic; NADH-Oxidase-Inhibitor; NEP-Inhibitor IC50=>42 uM; Neuroprotective 5-25 uM; NF-kB-Inhibitor; NO-Inhibitor IC50=20 uM IC>50=125 uM; NO-Synthase-Inhibitor 5-50 uM; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor <10 uM; P450-Inducer 5 uM; P450-Inhibitor 50-100 uM; Pesticide; PGE2-Inhibitor; Phospholipase-Inhibitor; Plasmodicide; Proliferant; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor 40 ug/ml; Protein-Kinase-C-Inhibitor; PTK-Inhibitor 0.4-24 uM; Quinone-Reductase-Inducer 13 uM 6 uM; Teratologic; TNF-alpha-Inhibitor IC50=3.11 uM; Topoisomerase-I-Inhibitor IC50=12.8 ug/ml IC50=42 uM; Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor IC50=1-6.9 ug/ml IC50=23-40 uM; Tumorigenic 0.1% diet orl rat/yr; Tyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=70 uM; Tyrosine-Kinase-Inhibitor; Vasodilator; VEGF-Inhibitor; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor 3.1 uM IC50=10.6 ug/ml IC50=>0.4 ug/ml
QUERCETIN-3-O-BETA-D-GLUCOSIDE Bulb 40 ppm; Antiinflammatory; Cancer-Preventive
QUINIC-ACID Bulb: Choleretic
RAFFINOSE Bulb: Flatugenic
RIBOFLAVIN Bulb 0.4 - 15 ppm Vitamin B2
RUTIN Bulb: 5-HT-Inhibitor; Aldehyde-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC27-52=10 uM; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 uM 4 ug/ml; Allelochemic; Antiaggregant ED50=33 nmol/kg iv; Antiallergic; Antiapoplectic; Antiatherogenic; Antiatherosclerotic; Antibacterial; Anticancer; Anticapillary-Fragility 20-100 mg orl man; Anticataract; Anticlastogen; Anticonvulsant; AntiCVI 270 mg/man/day; Antidementia; Antidermatitic; Antidiabetic; Antiedemic 270 mg/day orl man; Antierythemic; Antifeedant; Antiglaucomic 60 mg/day; Antihematuric; Antihemorrhoidal; Antihepatotoxic; Antiherpetic; Antihistaminic; Antihypertensive; Antiinflammatory 20 mg/kg; Antimalarial IC50=>100 ug/ml; Antimelanomic; Antimetastatic; Antimutagenic ID50=2-5 nM; Antinephritic; Antinociceptive; Antioxidant IC28=30 ppm IC50=120 uM IC54=10 uM; Antiperoxidant IC50=10-20 uM; Antiplatelet; Antiproliferant 50-75 uM/l; Antiprotozoal; Antipurpuric; Antiradicular 9 x quercetin; Antispasmodic; Antisunburn; Antithrombogenic EC50=500 nM; Antithyroid IC50=68 uM; Antitrypanosomic 100 mg/kg; Antitumor; Antitumor-Promoter; Antiulcer; Antivaricose; Antiviral; Apoptotic 75 uM/l; cAMP-Phosphodiesterase-Inhibitor; Cancer-Preventive; Capillariprotective; Catabolic; Chemopreventive; Cytoprotective IC50=3 uM; Estrogenic?; Hemostat; Hepatomagenic 20,000 ppm (diet) rat; Hepatoprotective 20 mg/kg rat; Hypocholesterolemic; Hypotensive; Immunomodulator; Insecticide; Insectiphile; Juvabional; Larvistat IC95=4,000-8,000 ppm diet; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC75=2.5 mM; Mutagenic; Myoprotective; Myorelaxant; Oviposition-Stimulant; PAF-Inhibitor; Pesticide; Protisticide; Radioprotective; Sunscreen; Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor IC50=1 ug/ml; Vasodilator; Vasopressor
S-METHYL-CYSTEINE-SULFOXIDE Bulb: Antidiabetic; Antihypercholesterolemic
SELENIUM Bulb 0.001 - 0.003 ppm mineral
SERINE Bulb 350 - 3,815 ppm see link
SILICON Bulb 1 - 75 ppm Antiarteriosclerotic; Antionychyotic; Antiosteoporotic; Cardioprotective
SILVER Bulb 0.038 - 0.054 ppm Antibacterial; Astringent; Pesticide
SINAPIC-ACID Bulb: Antibacterial; Antihepatotoxic; Antioxidant IC27=30 ppm; Antiperoxynitrite IC39=5 uM IC60=20 uM IC75=100 uM; Cancer-Preventive; Fungicide; Pesticide
SODIUM Bulb 8 - 2,052 ppm mineral
SPIRAEOSIDE Bulb 10,000 - 11,300 ppm Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor IC51=10 uM IC9=1 uM; Antioxidant; Quinone-Reductase-Inducer
STEARIC-ACID Bulb 20 - 195 ppm 5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor; Cosmetic; FLavor FEMA 2-4,000; Hypocholesterolemic; Lubricant; Perfumery; Propecic; Suppository
STIGMASTEROL Bulb: Antihepatotoxic; Antiinflammatory; Antinociceptive; Antiophidic 2.3 mg ipr mus; Antioxidant IC33=10 uM; Antiviral; Artemicide LC50=110 ppm; Cancer-Preventive; Estrogenic; Hypocholesterolemic; Ovulant; Sedative
SUCCINIC-ACID Bulb: Additive FEMA 200-2,000; Antifeedant; Bruchiphobe; Cancer-Preventive; Dye; Perfumery; Pesticide
SUCROSE Bulb 82,600 - 145,900 ppm Aggregant; Antihiccup 1 tsp; Antiophthalmic; Antioxidant; Atherogenic; Collyrium; Demulcent; Flatugenic; Hypercholesterolemic; Preservative; Sweetener 1 x sucrose; Triglycerigenic; Uricogenic; Vulnerary
SULFUR Bulb 80 - 4,075 ppm mineral
TARTARIC-ACID Bulb: Acidifier; Additive; Antioxidant Synergist; FLavor FEMA 500-10,000; Irritant; Sequestrant
THIAMIN Bulb 0.3 - 6 ppm Leaf 0.5 - 6.4 ppm [Vitamin B1]
THREONINE Bulb 280 - 3,052 ppm Antioxidant?; Antiulcer; Essential; FLavor FEMA 1,000
TRIGONELLINE Seed 13 ppm; Anticancer (Cervix); Anticancer (Liver); Antihyperglycemic; Antimigraine; Antiseptic; Antitumor (Cervix); Antitumor (Liver); Epidermal-Stimulant; Hypocholesterolemic; Hypoglycemic 50 mg/kg orl rat 500-3,000 mg/man/day; Mutagenic; Osmoregulator; Pesticide; Propecic
TRYPTOPHAN Bulb 170 - 1,853 ppm amino acid
TULIPOSIDE-A Root: Antiallergic
TYROSINE Bulb 290 - 3,161 ppm amino acid
VALINE Bulb 270 - 2,943 ppm amino acid
VANILLIC-ACID Bulb 258 ppm; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 uM/l; Allelopathic; Anthelmintic; Antibacterial 1.5-15 mg/ml; Anticancer; Antifatigue; Antiinflammatory; Antileukemic IC50=25-56 ug/ml; Antioxidant 1/3 BHA IC21=30 ppm; Antiperoxidant IC15-65=100-200 ug/ml; Antiradicular 7 x quercetin; Antiseptic; Antisickling; Antitumor; Antitumor-Promoter; Ascaricide; Cancer-Preventive; Choleretic; Fungicide; Immunosuppressant; Laxative; Pesticide; Ubiquiot
WATER Bulb 866,000 - 918,000 ppm Leaf 922,000 ppm;
XYLITOL Bulb: Anticariogenic?; Antihemolytic; Antiplaque?; Bilirubinolytic; Diuretic; Flatulent; Hepatoprotective; Hyperuricemic; Laxative; Sweetener 1 x sucrose
XYLOSE Bulb: Antidiabetic; Diagnostic; Dye
ZINC Bulb 2 - 53 ppm Seed 34 ppm; mineral
The source of the experience
Dr Dukes plant databaseConcepts, symbols and science items
Concepts
Symbols
Science Items
AcaricidesActivities and commonsteps
Activities
Overloads
AcneAlcoholism
Alcoholism treatments
Aluminium poisoning
Androgen imbalance
Anti-parasitics
Antibiotics
Antihelminthic agent
Antivirals
Anxiety
Asthma and allergy
Atherosclerosis
Bacterial infection
Being badly wounded
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Blood circulatory system disease
Blood thinners
Cadmium poisoning
Cataracts
Common cold
Constipation
Copper imbalance
Cough medicine
Depression
Diabetes
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Epilepsy
Estrogen imbalance
Extreme pain
Eye disease treatments - glaucoma
Food poisoning
Fungal infection treatments
Gout
Heart arrythmia
Heart failure and coronary heart disease
Heartburn and ulcers
Hepatitis
Hepatitis virus infection
Herpes simplex
HIV
Hypertension
Infertility
Inflammation
Influenza
Intestine disease
Lactation failure
Lead poisoning
Leukemia
Lithium
Lymes disease
Malaria
Measles
Meningitis
Menopause
Mercury poisoning
Migraine
Mouth and tooth disease
Muscle diseases
Nausea
Nickel poisoning
Obesity
Oedema
Pancreas disease
Parasites
PMS
Pneumonia
Poliomyelitis
Psoriasis
Reproductive system disease
Rheumatoid arthritis
Serotonin imbalance
Shingles
Skin diseases
Sleep deprivation, insomnia and mental exhaustion
Stomach disease
Stress
Stroke
Thyroid disease
Toxins
Typhoid
Vasodilators
Viral infection
Warts
Suppressions
Acetylcholine and its ligandsADHD
Alanine
Androgen
Arginine
Arsenic
Blindness, macular degeneration and other sight impairment
Boron
Caffeic acid
Calcium
Chelation agents
Choline
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Deafness and tinnitus
Dementia and Alzheimers
Estrogen
Ferulic acid
Glycine
Histidine
Iron
Isoleucine
Linoleic acid
Lysine
Magnesium
Malic acid
Manganese
Manic depression
Methionine
Molybdenum
Multiple sclerosis
Parkinsons disease
Phenylalanine
Phosphorus
Potassium
Proline
Schizophrenia
Selenium
Shallots
Sodium
Sulphur
Testosterone
Tryptophan
Vitamin A
Vitamin B1
Vitamin B2
Vitamin B3
Vitamin B5
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Water
Zinc