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Reproductive system disease
Category: Illness or disabilities
Type
Involuntary
Introduction and description
The science section has a description of the reproductive system itself on which this section depends.
In order to look at the diseases and illnesses of the reproductive system, it helps to describe the functions of the reproductive system and their dependencies. If any one of these functions does not work or malfunctions, that constitutes an illness. We already have descriptions for a number of problems on the site, thus a link will show where the problem is described.
Ovulation
Approximately every 28 days, the pituitary gland releases the hormone FSH that stimulates an ova/follicle to develop and grow. Following a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH), an oocyte (immature egg cell) will be released into the uterine tube, where it will then be available to be fertilized by a male’s sperm. Ovulation marks the end of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle and the start of the luteal phase. If the ova is fertilized by sperm, to become an ovum, it then attaches to the endometrium and the fetus develops. If no fertilisation has occurred, the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, and unfertilized ova are shed each cycle through the process of menstruation. Thus problems can occur as follows
- Malfunction or disease in the Pituitary gland
- Blocking or malformation of the passage from the fallopian tube to the uterus
- Endometriosis [see below]
- Menstruation - malfunction.
Intercourse
The human reproductive system involves internal fertilization by sexual intercourse. During this process, the male inserts his erect penis into the female's vagina and ejaculates semen, which contains sperm. Thus the main problems here may include:
-
Erectile dysfunction
- Low sperm count/infertility
- Vaginitis - is an inflammation of the vagina
Although men and women may regard premature ejaculation as a problem, it is not strictly speaking a reproductive system problem, unless of course the man ejaculates before he enters the vagina.
Vaginitis can result in discharge, itching and pain, and is often associated with an irritation or infection of the vulva. It is usually due to infection. The three main kinds of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis, vaginal candidiasis [thrush – a fungal infection], and trichomoniasis [caused by the single-celled protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis]. Infection can affect all the next stages causing malfunction.
Fertilisation of the egg
The sperm then travels through the vagina and cervix into the uterus and fallopian tubes for fertilization of the egg.
The problems here may relate to either Infertility - of the mother, or uterine diseases - for example:
- Prolapse of the uterus,
- Cancers, tumours or benign growths [including fibroids],
- Ectopic growth of endometrial tissue within the myometrium,
- Endometriosis [see below],
- Infection by a pathogen,
- Congenital malformation
- Damage from instrumentation or infection - in effect scarring
Endometriosis is a gynaecological condition in which cells from the lining of the uterus appear and flourish outside the uterine cavity, most commonly on the membrane which lines the abdominal cavity, the peritoneum. The uterine cavity is lined with endometrial cells, which are under the influence of female hormones. Endometrial cells in areas outside the uterus are also influenced by hormonal changes and respond in a way that is similar to the cells found inside the uterus. Symptoms of endometriosis are pain and infertility. The pain often is worse with the menstrual cycle. It has been estimated that endometriosis occurs in roughly 6–10% of women.
Gestation of the fetus - Pregnancy
Upon successful fertilization and implantation, gestation of the fetus then occurs within the female's uterus for approximately nine months, this process is known as pregnancy in humans. Problems here may include:
Childbirth
Gestation ends with birth, the process of birth is known as labour. Labour consists of the muscles of the uterus contracting, the cervix dilating, and the baby passing out the vagina (the female genital organ). Childbirth is very obviously neither an illness or a disease, but has a description on the site. It is entirely controlled by hormones and is thus very dependent on the endocrine system.
Menopause
Menopause is not an illness, but can make people feel very unwell. It is the time in most women's lives when menstrual periods stop permanently, and she is no longer able to have children. It occurs when there are no follicles left, or the endocrine system stops producing enough hormones to have any effect.
Causes
If we thus summarise the various things that can go wrong with the system, we are actually dealing with three main things:
- Malfunction of or damage to the endocrine/hormone system – leading via a knock on effect to malfunction in the reproductive system
- Malformation, damage or infection of the various organs - Uterus, testes, penis, ovaries etc
- Malformation, blockage, damage or infection of the various passages in the reproductive system eg from the fallopian tube to the uterus, or the testes to the penis
One form of malfunction is when cells reproduce out of control, the illness we call cancer. As such Cancer of the various reproductive organs including the prostate, uterus, testes and so on is a malfunction. Some maps are shown below which provide some statistics on two of these types of cancer.
TESTICULAR CANCER
Thus to find the cause of any of the symptomatic problems outlined above we need to find out what can cause these three.
Stress and extreme negative emotion
High levels of negative emotions do not directly cause reproductive system problems, but all forms of stress affect the immune system. Stress compromises our immune responses and as a consequence the pathogens that may be in our bodies can proliferate and start to attack us.
Fungal infections
Vaginal yeast infection, also known as candidal vulvovaginitis and vaginal thrush, is excessive growth of yeast in the vagina that results in vaginal itching, which may be severe. Other symptoms include burning with urination, white and thick vaginal discharge that typically does not smell bad, pain with sex, and redness around the vagina. Vaginal yeast infections are generally due to excessive growth of Candida spp.For example in one study "The most common species was Candida albicans (85%), followed by Candida glabrata, and other Candida species including Candida dubliniensis [Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(1), 28–31].
Vaginitis “ is not classified as a sexually transmitted infection; however, it may occur more often in those who are frequently sexually active”. Additional risk factors include taking antibiotics and eating a diet high in simple sugars.
What may not be commonly recognised is that yeasts and fungi often harbour far more serious pathogens - the pathogens that do major damage.
… yeast vacuoles serve as a sophisticated niche that protects H. pylori against the environmental stresses and provides essential nutrients, including ergosterol, for its growth and multiplication. This intracellular establishment inside the yeast vacuole likely occurred long ago, leading to the adaptation of H. pylori to persist in phagocytic cells. The presence of these bacteria within yeasts, including foodborne yeasts, along with the vertical transmission of yeasts from mother to neonate, provide explanations for the persistence and propagation of H. pylori in the human population. PMID: 24833856
Furthermore, the whole flora of the vagina may be symbiotically organised with pathogens mutually co-operating and 'friendly bacteria' cooperating to defend our bodies - a warzone!
An analysis of 17,391 cytologies from outpatients seen between January 1997 and August 1998……. showed that Gardnerella[bacteria] vaginalis was the most frequent agent in women with HPV [virus] infection (23.6% versus 17.4%; P <0.05), while in the control group the most frequent agent was Candida sp. (23.9% versus 13.8%; p <0.001)…… the data presented in this investigation show that there is an association between Gardnerella vaginalis and HPV infection. It remains to be established whether the microorganisms favour each other. PMID: 10887386
thus the flora and balance in the vagina is absolutely key to the prevention of disease of the reproductive system. It may be worth adding that candida yeasts are often found in stools - indicating they have colonised the intestines and/or rectum or are being expelled from the body via this route - this has a relevance when we look at prevention.
Toxins
Toxins appear to play a big part in the development of reproductive system diseases. Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that at certain doses, can interfere with the endocrine (or hormone system) in mammals. Hormones work at very small doses (part per billion ranges) thus it takes very little to disrupt the body's endocrine systems. Endocrine disruption can occur via higher than normal doses of the body's own hormones [via the food chain for example] or via chemicals that can compete with natural hormones for receptors or destroy the receptors.
The seriousness of this problem is very poorly understood. There are oestrogens from pharmaceuticals in our water supplies, and there are even endocrine disruptors in bottled mineral water.
Food consumption is an important route of human exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. …… Our results demonstrate a widespread contamination of mineral water with xenoestrogens that partly originates from compounds leaching from the plastic packaging material. These substances possess potent estrogenic activity in vivo in a molluskan sentinel. Overall, the results indicate that a broader range of foodstuff may be contaminated with endocrine disruptors when packed in plastics. PMID: 19274472
There are other toxins also implicated. For example
One of the known causes of Endometriosis is toxins. Several studies have investigated the potential link between exposure to dioxins and endometriosis, in particular TCDD (2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin – the most toxic dioxin). Monkeys that were fed dioxin in amounts as small as five parts per trillion developed endometriosis. In addition, the dioxin-exposed monkeys showed immune abnormalities similar to those observed in women with endometriosis.
Bacterial infection
A number of diseases of the reproductive system are caused by bacteria. These include:
- Gonorrhea - is an infection is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
- Syphilis - is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.
- Chlamydia infection - is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. The term Chlamydia infection can also refer to infection caused by any species belonging to the bacterial family Chlamydiaceae. C. trachomatis is found only in humans. Chlamydia is a major infectious cause of human genital and eye disease. Chlamydia infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide; it is estimated that about 1 million individuals in the United States are infected with chlamydia
- Klebsiella infection -Klebsiella is a genus of bacteria found everywhere in nature. They can be found in water, soil, plants, insects, animals and humans
One hundred cases of ovarian cancer were studied at autopsy to determine the effect of morphologic and clinical factors on survival time, the primary cause of death, and tumor/treatment-related morbidity. .... Escherichia coli and Klebsiella were the most common pathogens identified postmortem. Intestinal obstruction (51%) and ureteral obstruction (28%) were the most common forms of tumor-induced morbidity.
- Escherichia coli - is a Gram-negative, bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine. We will have more to say about this in the section on 'Prevention'
- Bacterial vaginosis - A healthy vagina is colonized by a mutually symbiotic flora of micro-organisms that protect its host from disease-causing microbes. Any imbalance is called BV or vaginitis:
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an imbalance of the vaginal bacterial microbiota and its aetiology is still unknown. …… Seven vaginal bacteria were highly accurate for BV diagnosis both in swabs and FVU.
- Atopobium vaginae,
- Prevotella spp.
- Gardnerella vaginalis,
- Bacterial vaginosis associated bacterium (BVAB) 2
- Eggerthella-like bacterium,
- Leptotrichia amnionii and
- Megasphaera type 1
PMID: 24814599
Parasites and Mites
The role of parasites, including mites, in reproductive system disease is greatly underestimated. The presence of cysts and even fibroids is often a sign that infestation has occurred, but been successfully fought off. All of this battling with parasitic infection from drinking water or bathing water and from sexual intercourse with infected partners - parasites have been found in the testes and can thus be expelled with semen - is undertaken by our immune system and we are usually totally unaware it is taking place.
But we should be, because if our immune system is not up to the battle, the parasites can do untold damage
Innate and adaptive immunity play a significant role in urogenital infections. Innate immunity is provided by the epithelial cells and mucus lining along with acidic pH, which forms a strong physical barrier against the pathogens in the female reproductive tract. Cells of the innate immune system, antimicrobial peptides, cytokines, chemokines and adaptive immunity in the reproductive tract are evolved during infection, and a pro-inflammatory response is generated to fight against the invading pathogen.
Trichomonas vaginalis, a primary urogenital protozoa, the etiological agent of human trichomoniasis, is a curable sexually transmitted infection. The involvement of the urogenital tract by other protozoal infections such as P. falciparum, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Toxoplasma, Entamoeba histolytica and Acanthamoeba infection has also been reported.
Trichomonas induce pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive responses in infected subjects. Multifactorial pathogenic mechanisms including parasite adherence, cysteine proteases, lipophosphoglycan, free radical, cytokine generation and Toll-like receptors appear to interplay with the induction of local and systemic immune responses that ultimately determine the outcome of the infection. However, the involvement of urogenital pathogen-specific immune mechanisms and effect of normal local resident flora on the outcome (symptomatic vs. asymptomatic) of infection are poorly understood. Moreover, immune interactions in trichomoniasis subjects co-infected with bacterial and viral pathogens need to be elucidated. PMID: 25201404
This paper was written in September 2014.
Viruses
A very very large number of viruses are implicated in reproductive system diseases. In the list that follows, which is by no means complete but intended to be indicative, either the name of the virus is given, or if more details have been added in other sections, a link to that section.
JC virus - as yet no links to cancers have been found as far as we are aware, but there are links to fibroids
Our study showed that JC virus infection is highly related to the pathogenesis of uterine fibroids. PMID: 24923168
Herpes - is caused by the Herpes simplex virus [1 or 2] and is associated with a number of disorders of the reproductive system. On a superficial level it produces cold sores, and genital herpes - watery blisters in the skin or mucous membranes of the mouth, lips or genitals. But cancer can be caused by herpes plus other problems
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are among the infections most frequently encountered by humans. Two types of HSV infections have been identified-HSV-1, which usually causes orolabial disease, and HSV-2, which is associated more frequently with genital and newborn infections. Usually, HSV causes mild and self-limited disease of the mouth and lips or at genital sites. However, on occasion, the disease can be life-threatening. Such is the case with neonatal HSV infection and HSV infections of the central nervous system. Furthermore, in the immunocompromised host, severe infection has been encountered and is a source of morbidity. Even in the immunocompetent host, frequent recurrences, particularly those of the genital tract, can be debilitating. Because HSV does cause genital ulcerative disease, it is associated with an increased risk of acquiring a human immunodeficiency virus infection. PMID: 12118847
BK virus - Prostate cancer is associated with xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus and BK virus.
The overall prevalence of polyomaviruses was 19% in the prostate cancer cases. Sequencing analysis of the polyomavirus-positive specimens revealed the presence of BKV in all samples . Reconstitution of the BKV from the BKV-positive prostate samples was successfully achieved in cell culture and progeny viral particles were obtained, confirming the presence of the virus in the human biopsies. PMID: 18161654
Testicular cancer has a host of viral causes.......
Testicular cancer - ...A systematic literature review and meta-analysis was conducted to investigate a possible association between viral infections (EBV, CMV, Parvovirus B19, HPV, and HIV) and testicular cancer. .... For infection with EBV, CMV, Parvovirus B19, and HIV .... the results support a possible association PMID: 23959966
and
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with cancer of the cervix uteri, penis, vulva, vagina, anus and oropharynx. ... HPV appears not to play a major causative role in renal and testicular carcinogenesis. However, HPV infection should be kept in mind regarding cases of prostate cancer, as well as in a sub-group of patients with bladder cancer with squamous differentiation. Concerning the role of HPV in penile cancer incidence, it is a recognized risk factor proven in a large number of studies. PMID: 25964524
and
Hepatitis virus - An embryonal carcinoma of the testicle developed in a 29-year-old white man 3 months after recovery from hepatitis B surface antigen-positive hepatitis. ...The carcinoma cells contained hepatitis B surface antigen; controls, including sections from normal testicles and three other testicular tumors, were negative. PMID: 2679487
Breast cancer is associated with mouse mammary tumor virus, EBV, and HPV but EBV is known to produce cancer in general;
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) .... was the first virus to be directly associated with human cancer. EBV has two distinct life cycles in the human host; a lytic form of infection that produces new infectious virions, and a latent form of infection that allows the virus to persist in a dormant state for the lifetime of the host. EBV has evolved a life cycle that mimics the natural differentiation pathway of antigen-activated B cells, giving the virus access to its site of latent infection, the resting memory B cell. By steering infected cells through the various stages of lymphocyte differentiation, EBV is able to enter a cell type suitable for long-term latent persistence and periodic reactivation. However, its presence in various stages of B-cell development, and its ability to infect certain epithelial cells, can have pathogenic consequences, and can contribute to the development of a diverse group of lymphomas and carcinomas. PMID: 17049016
Cytomegalovirus [CMV] is a known cause for a number of cancers and disorders including testicular cancer and cervical cancer.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) was isolated from cell cultures derived from 2 of 10 cervical cancer biopsies from patients in an advanced stage of the disease. PMID: 208996
There are more, but this is a good sample.
Vaccines
The name for a vaccine that has a live virus in it is an attenuated vaccine. Although most attenuated vaccines are viral, some are bacterial in nature. Examples include the viral diseases yellow fever, measles, rubella, and mumps, and the bacterial disease typhoid. As we can see from the description above, many reproductive diseases can be caused by viruses and bacteria. There appears to be a belief by those promoting vaccines that the immune system defeats the virus as it builds up an immunological record. But there is now enough research to show that this is not the case. A virulent strain of attenuated virus may replicate very fast before the immune system has had time to muster its defences - particularly if the virus is injected or administered by nasal spray. A virus is capable of then secreting itself in adipose tissue and the joints and 'laying low'. Adipose tissue apears to provide a safe haven for a number of viruses. There is also the problem of virus latency.
As such reproductive system disease may be caused by viruses, obtained from vaccines, emerging at times of stress, or high emotion and thus low immunological function. For example, Simian virus is a known cause for a number of cancers
Simian virus 40 (SV40), a polyomavirus of rhesus macaque origin, was discovered in 1960 as a contaminant of polio vaccines that were distributed to millions of people from 1955 through early 1963. SV40 is a potent DNA tumor virus that induces tumors in rodents and transforms many types of cells in culture, including those of human origin. ...SV40 can replicate in certain types of simian and human cells. ..... there are accumulating reports of detection of SV40 DNA and/or T-ag in a variety of human tumors. PMID: 9923853
Radiation
One of the known effects of too much heat near the testes is problems with the sperm. The following relates to mice, because scientists are allowed to torture mice, but they are not allowed to torture many humans [sorry my little joke].
Evidence exists to suggest detrimental effects of heat stress on male fertility. This study was designed to assess the effects of scrotal heat stress on mature and developing sperm in a mouse model. ….. Our results indicate that …. Spermatocytes present within the testis at the time of heat stress resulted into a lower concentration of spermatozoa with reduced viability and low motility. … DNA integrity of spermatozoa resulting from spermatocytes was also compromised by heat stress, the higher degree of DNA damage was found among spermatozoa resulting from spermatids present within the testis at the time of heat stress. At last, heat shock effect on spermatozoa present in the epididymis at the time of thermal stress resulted into a sex ratio distortion. PMID: 17474098
What is not commonly acknowledged however, is the effect all sorts of radiation can have on the reproductive system.
Use of cellular phones emitting radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) has been increased exponentially and become a part of everyday life. This study aimed to investigate the effects of in vitro RF-EMF exposure emitted from cellular phones on sperm motility index, sperm DNA fragmentation and seminal clusterin (CLU) gene expression. CONCLUSION: Cell phone emissions have a negative impact on exposed sperm motility index, sperm acrosin activity, sperm DNA fragmentation and seminal CLU gene expression, especially in OAT cases. PMID: 25918601
All radiation whether 'cosmic' or electromagnetic impacts our bodies and depending on its frequency, it resonates different parts of us.
The reason that nuclear radiation is so dangerous is that it impacts cells, but what we appear to have overlooked is that all radiation impacts some part of us.
Every aggregate in our bodies - organs, cells, the body itself, has natural ‘resonance’. Resonance is a substance’s natural tendency to oscillate – vibrate – at maximum amplitude at certain frequencies, known as the thing’s resonant frequency. And some radiation affects the reproductive system organs. High intensity radiation affects the reproductive system organs in the short term, but even low exposure radiation of the 'right' frequency can have an effect in the long term. This is a much larger problem than people realise .....
To evaluate the effects of laptop computers connected to local area networks wirelessly (Wi-Fi) on human spermatozoa…… Donor sperm samples, mostly normozoospermic, exposed ex vivo during 4 hours to a wireless internet-connected laptop showed a significant decrease in progressive sperm motility and an increase in sperm DNA fragmentation. Levels of dead sperm showed no significant differences between the two groups…… We speculate that keeping a laptop connected wirelessly to the internet on the lap near the testes may result in decreased male fertility. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to prove this contention. PMID: 22112647
Heavy metal and dental fillings
Much of the damage done by heavy metals is to the brain - they cause brain damage, however, there are also links to reproductive system diseases, this abstract has been shortened to its essentials in this context.
The main threats to human health from heavy metals are associated with exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic.. ….Although several adverse health effects of heavy metals have been known for a long time, exposure to heavy metals continues, and is even increasing in some parts of the world ……Cadmium compounds are currently mainly used in re-chargeable nickel-cadmium batteries. … Cigarette smoking is a major source of cadmium exposure. …. The general population is primarily exposed to mercury via food, fish being a major source of methyl mercury exposure, and dental amalgam. The general population does not face a significant health risk from methyl mercury, although certain groups with high fish consumption may attain blood levels associated with a low risk of neurological damage to adults. Since there is a risk to the fetus in particular, pregnant women should avoid a high intake of certain fish, such as shark, swordfish and tuna; fish (such as pike, walleye and bass) taken from polluted fresh waters should especially be avoided. ……. The general population is exposed to lead from air and food in roughly equal proportions. …. recent data indicating that there may be neurotoxic effects of lead at lower levels of exposure than previously anticipated. …. Exposure to arsenic is mainly via intake of food and drinking water, food being the most important source in most populations. Long-term exposure to arsenic in drinking-water is mainly related to increased risks of skin cancer, but also some other cancers, as well as other skin lesions such as hyperkeratosis and pigmentation changes. PMID: 14757716
Nutritional deprivation
All sorts of nutritional deprivation may result in reproductive system disease. Mineral imbalance - both lack of the correct mineral and overdosing on minerals, vitamin imbalance - and here both deficiency and overdose via supplements can cause problems, as well as a lack of essential proteins and fats can all have an effect. For example:
both low (<50 nmol/L) and high (>125 nmol/L) concentration of vitamin D are associated with decreased number and quality of spermatozoa in semen. PMID: 26035242
and here is another example of what overdosing by using vitamin supplements can do to you, the figures are from eHealthme:
On Jun, 17, 2015: 38,376 people reported to have side effects when taking Vitamins. Among them, 18 people (0.05%) have Vaginitis.
and if we take the example of the mineral supplement zinc sulphate and use the tables in eHealthme we find that there is an association between taking this mineral supplement and the following problems.
Vagina Dryness Vaginal Abscess Vaginal Bleeding Between Periods Vaginal Bleeding In Pregnancy Vaginal Cancer (Vaginal tumors) Vaginal Cancer Metastatic Vaginal Cancer Stage 0 Vaginal Candidiasis (Vaginal yeast infection) Vaginal Cyst Vaginal Cysts Vaginal Discharge |
Vaginal Erythema Vaginal Haemorrhage Vaginal Infection Vaginal Irritation Vaginal Obstruction Vaginal Pain Vaginal Prolapse Vaginal Tumors Vaginal Yeast Infection Vaginismus Vaginitis Gardnerella |
Thus the problem is deficiency or overdose - imbalance.
Surgery and physical damage
Although surgery can very directly damage the various organs of the reproductive system, causing them to malfunction, one very often overlooked problem is the damage done to the lymph system by all sorts of surgery - including plastic surgery.
Physical damage can very easily affect the lymph system causing it to block or malfunction. Any problems with this system can cause reproductive system problems simply because the lymph system is the mechanism by which the immune system works. A badly performed hysterectomy, for example, can cause untold problems and has. Since reproductive system disease can be caused by pathogens and our only defence against pathogens is our immune system, damage to the lymph system is likely to lead to disease, and one of those diseases is reproductive system disease.
To Do Or Not To Do (about the hysterectomy) Dr Muhammad El Hennawy Ob/gyn specialist
One Of The Most Commonly Performed Operations In The World Hysterectomy has long been regarded as an operation performed by hyster-happy," mostly male, surgeons In the United States, Hysterectomy is the second most common major operation performed in the United States today, second only to cesarean section 600 000 hysterectomies are performed each year or one hysterectomy every minute. By the age of 60, one out of every three women in the U.S. has had a hysterectomy In the United Kingdom, women have a one in five chance of having a hysterectomy by the age of 55 Nine of every 10 hysterectomies are performed for non-cancerous conditions. In many of these, no disease is present and the term dysfunctional uterine bleeding is used to describe these cases. When there is disease it is commonly limited to the uterus and, in most parts of the world, is more likely than not to be a leiomyoma.
Hypoxia
All cells need oxygen to function, thus hypoxia - a shortage of oxygen caused by pollution, for example, or smoking, - reduces the oxygen getting to cells and they can die or simply malfunction.
Pharmaceuticals
An extremely large number of pharmaceuticals can cause reproductive system problems - thousands not hundreds. The following link is not complete, but representative. The eHealthme website from which this was derived is searchable by symptom, thus this can be used to get specific information:
- Menopause - this LINK and an alternative LINK, shows you the pharmaceuticals implicated in problems during the menopause
- Miscarriages and still births -this LINK shows pharmaceuticals implicated in miscarriage, and this LINK with stillbirths
- Premature birth - this LINK shows you the pharmaceuticals implicated in premature labour
- Menstruation - this LINK shows you the pharmaceuticals implicated in menstruation problems.
- Infertility - this LINK shows you the pharmaceuticals implicated in infertility problems
- Testicular diseases - these LINKs shows you the pharmaceuticals implicated in diseases of the testes
- Penis diseases - these LINKs shows you the pharmaceuticals implicated in
- Penis disorders - LINK
- Erectile dysfunction - LINK
- Penis pain - LINK
- Penis injury - LINK
- Vaginal diseases - these LINKs shows you the pharmaceuticals implicated in
- Ovary diseases - these LINKs shows you the pharmaceuticals implicated in
- Prostate problems - this LINK shows pharmaceuticals implicated in prostrate disorders - excluding cancer some more links include
- Uterine diseases - these LINKs shows you the pharmaceuticals implicated in
- Cancer - of the various reproductive organs including
Treatment and prevention
Treatment - The first step in all treatment is to find the cause. Once the cause has been identified, then both treatment and prevention can be based on the result.
Prevention- Pathogens may enter the system via the orifices of the body – principally the mouth, nose, and the vagina in women. It thus makes a great deal of sense not to use unsafe and unwise sexual practises. So let us take a look at how the pathogens mentionned above - sometimes very strange ones like the bacteria in the intestines - could cause disease in the reproductive system
Prevention - No more anal sex
According to Wikipedia “Anal sex or anal intercourse is generally the insertion and thrusting of the erect penis into a person's anus, or anus and rectum, for sexual pleasure.” Whose pleasure is not specified, but as this was undoubtedly written by a man, then it must be his pleasure, because anal sex provides no pleasure for women. Generally it hurts. Technically it is called Sodomy - as in Sodomy and Begora [a joke].
The anus and rectum are our sewer outlet. They provide the means by which pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites and toxins can be expelled. They may not be dead or have been made harmless, the lubrication and form of the intestines and rectum [which has a very high number of white blood cells to protect it] help to protect the body from attack.
If a man thrusts his penis into anyone’s anus, he thus risks covering his penis with more pathogens than most people care to think of. We, from the time we have been small children, have been told we must wash our hands after going to the toilet. There is a reason.
So now the man has his penis covered with pathogens, we shall assume he is with a woman. For ‘sexual pleasure’, he now thrusts the same penis into her vagina, thereby transferring all these pathogens into her. She now has all the parasites, viruses, fungi, toxins, bacteria in her vagina. These may be hers or they may be the left overs from one or more previous partners he has carefully not deemed to mention in case any of them refuse to give him his ‘sexual pleasure’.
And thereby is infection spread. And the way to stop the spread is to stop the anal sex
Prevention - Protect the vaginal microflora
The vagina of women is protected in two ways controlled mostly by very special bacteria:
The role of Lactobacillus species in the female urogenital tract as a barrier to infection is of considerable interest. These organisms are believed to contribute to the control of vaginal microbiota by competing with other microorganisms for adherence to epithelial cells and by producing antimicrobial compounds. These bactericidal compounds include organic acid, which lowers the vaginal pH, hydrogen peroxide, bacteriocin-like substances and possibly biosurfactants. PMID: 10865199
The healthy vagina of a woman of child-bearing age is acidic, with a pH normally ranging between 3.8 and 4.5., and this is due to the degradation of glycogen to the lactic acid by enzymes secreted by the Döderlein's bacillus, which is a normal commensal of the vagina. The acidity retards the growth of many strains of pathogenic microbes.
These are our only protection against disease.
A healthy vagina is colonized by a mutually symbiotic flora of microorganisms that protect its host from disease-causing microbes, any attempt to upset this balance may cause many undesirable outcomes. Once the vaginal protection has been compromised every pathogen going – from whatever source – can go anywhere in the reproductive system – and the body. And they do, causing all sorts of reproductive system disease, for example
BV is strongly implicated in female infertility and is probably an underestimated cause of unexplained infertility. PMID: 23199811
This is still a highly under researched area and thus it is essential that we do not in any way upset this delicate floral garden of bacteria. The main practises which should be stopped include:
- Douching - which simply washes away everything - good and bad
- Using anti-bacterial agents and swabs in the vagina - note that hospitals are the culprits often here. There is every reason to ensure whatever is inserted into the vagina is pathogen free - sterilised, but covering it with anti-bacterial substances is not a good idea
- Using certain Spermicidal creams - which contain anti-bacterial agents
There is also concern about hot tubs, jacuzzis and swimming pools that occasionally have high doses of antibacterial chemicals in them - just take care here.
Prevention - eating for health
As we have seen, the vagina, as well as the mouth, nose, ears and other orifices of the body, along with the intestines are protected by a very complex micture of bacteria and fungi. In some cases the protection is provided by small parasites as well. Thus we have good microbes and bad microbes, alies and enemies. Whether these good microbes work or not is dependent on what we feed them. Most of our good microbes thrive on a balanced diet of organic natural food. They do not thrive on supplements or overdoses of food. Thus if we overdose on sugars and carbohydrates, everything goes haywire. Too much sugar and we may get thrush.
In order to prevent disease, therefore we must go back to Eating for health.
Prevention - Justice and the law
There is little point in legislating against acts such as sodomy or buggery, as in the first place the laws are virtually unenforcable and in the second place laws in this area are virtually an invitation, for those who find the legal system to be unjust, to break the law.
But there is every reason to try to enforce laws that are aimed at preventing hurt. If, for example, a person has sex with another person knowing they have a sexually transmittable disease, they are in many ways committing grievous bodily harm. If the person subsequently dies from that disease, it is in effect murder.
Prevention - getting tested
There is an argument for having every person tested for pathogens of all sorts on a regular basis, whether these cause reproductive system disease or other sorts of disease.
Additional information
See Cunnilingus and Fellatio.
References and further reading
- Testicular swelling due to lymphatic filariasis after brief travel to Haiti. - Marcos LA, Shapley NP, Eberhard M, Epstein JI, Fox LM, Magill A, Nutman TB. 2014 May 27. PMID: 24865674
- [Testicular bilharzioma by Schistosomia haematobium: about two cases]. - Ze Ondo C, Sarr A, Sow Y, Thiam I, Fall B, Sow D, Thiam A, Diao B, Fall PA, Gaye GW, Ndoye AK, Ba M, Diagne BA. 2013 May 29. Review. French. PMID: 24365632
- Lymphatic filariasis and associated morbidities in rural communities of Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria. Christiana O, Olajumoke M, Oyetunde S. Epub 2013 Mar 19. PMID: 23518235
- Primary infertility associated with schitosoma mansoni: a case report from the Jos plateau, north central Nigeria. Adisa J, Egbujo EM, Yahaya BA, Echejoh G. Afr Health Sci. 2012 Dec;12(4):563-5. PMID: 23515635
- Testicular mass: do not forget filariasis. Ho CC, Ideris N. Infection. 2013 Aug PMID: 23471824
- Tissue and stage-specific distribution of Wolbachia in Brugia malayi. Fischer K, Beatty WL, Jiang D, Weil GJ, Fischer PU. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 May PMID: 21629728
- Testicular schistosomiasis: a case study. Hassan A, El-Mogy S, Zalata K, Mostafa T. Fertil Steril. 2011 May PMID: 21236422
- Filariasis: an emergent cause of acute scrotal pain. Di Tonno F, Mazzariol C, Piazza N, Murer B. Urologia. 2010 Apr-May;77(2):147-9. Review. PMID: 2089087
- Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine and Primary Ovarian Failure: Another Facet of the Autoimmune/Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 2013, Selena Colafrancesco, Carlo Perricone, Lucija Tomljenovic, Yehuda Shoenfeld
Related observations
Healing observations
- 'Alternative' medicine and treatment for children in Italy 012149
- A placebo-controlled study of the effects of L-tryptophan in patients with premenstrual dysphoria 017326
- Adding the phytoestrogen Cimicifugae Racemosae to clomiphene induction cycles with timed intercourse in polycystic ovary syndrome improves cycle outcomes and pregnancy rates - a randomized trial 017883
- Amenorrhoea, Infertility and the effect of soybeans on the anovulatory cycle 017935
- Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of individual and combined extracts from Commiphora myrrha [myrrh], and Boswellia carterii [frankincense] 012774
- Arginine, the immune system, babies and sperm 005428
- Attenuation of Sulfite-Induced Testicular Injury in Rats by Zingiber officinale Roscoe 029312
- Black cohosh: coming full circle 017879
- Black nightshade and endometrial cancer 005354
- Breast cancer , mushrooms and green tea 017896
- Cancer and potato defoliation 006263
- Cannabis and menstrual problems 007591
- Celery as an anti-dote to infertility caused by epilepsy drugs 012444
- Celery as an anti-dote to the infertility caused by toxin DEHP 012445
- Characterization and biological activity of the main flavonoids from Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris subspecies cycla) 021352
- Contribution to the knowledge of the folk plant medicine in Calabria region (Southern Italy) 019475
- Crown Court Case worker - and the agony of amalgam fillings 012316
- Culpepper's Complete Herbal on Bugle 021241
- Culpepper's Complete Herbal on Carrots 012441
- Culpepper's Complete Herbal on Heal-all [Self-heal] 018269
- Culpepper's Complete Herbal on Pennyroyal 019052
- Culpepper's Complete Herbal on Vervain 016085
- Curing menstrual constipation 022290
- Dietary seaweed modifies estrogen and phytoestrogen metabolism in healthy postmenopausal women 016976
- Dietary Strategies for the Treatment of Cadmium and Lead Toxicity - 07 Conclusions and perspectives 016846
- Dietary Strategies for the Treatment of Cadmium and Lead Toxicity - 01 Introduction 016835
- Dietary Strategies for the Treatment of Cadmium and Lead Toxicity - 02 Essential metals 016836
- Dietary Strategies for the Treatment of Cadmium and Lead Toxicity - 03 Vitamins 016837
- Dietary Strategies for the Treatment of Cadmium and Lead Toxicity - 040 Edible Plants and Dietary Phytochemicals 016842
- Dietary Strategies for the Treatment of Cadmium and Lead Toxicity - 041 Table 3 016843
- Dietary Strategies for the Treatment of Cadmium and Lead Toxicity - 05 Probiotics 016844
- Dietary Strategies for the Treatment of Cadmium and Lead Toxicity - 06 Other dietary supplements 016845
- Dr Duke's activity in Caffeic acid 017760
- Dr Duke's list of activities for Chlorogenic acid 017767
- Dr Duke's list of activity for Ferulic acid 017775
- Dr Duke's list of activity for Vitamin B2 017764
- Dr Duke's list of activity for Vitamin B6 017763
- Dr Duke's list of anti-impotence activity for Carrots 012429
- Dr Duke's list of anti-impotence activity for Celery 012432
- Dr Duke's list of anti-impotence activity for Garlic 012431
- Dr Duke's list of anti-impotence activity for Grapes 012433
- Dr Duke's list of anti-impotence activity for Sweetcorn 012430
- Dr Duke's list of biological activities for Vitamin C 017880
- Dr Duke's list of Biological activities of Coumarin 018558
- Dr Duke's list of chemicals and activity for the Shallot 017969
- Dr Duke's list of Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Prunella vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae) -- Heal-All, Self-Heal 018270
- Dr Duke's list of plants having high concentrations of Estrogenic activity 017893
- Dr Duke's list of Plants with Anticancer (breast) activity 018453
- Dr Duke's list of Plants with Anticancer (cervix) activity 018454
- Dr Duke's list of Plants with Anticancer (prostate) activity 018465
- Dr Duke's list of Plants with Trichomonicide activity 018065
- Dr Duke's list of Plants with Trichomonicide activity of high chemical potency 018066
- Dr Duke's list of Reproductive system activity for Colocynth 018076
- Dr Duke's list of Reproductive system activity for the Dock 018083
- Dr Duke's list of Reproductive system activity for the Dog Rose 018091
- Dr Stephen Black - Infertility, the sex drive and hypnotherapy 011911
- Effect of Red Clover Isoflavones over Skin, Appendages, and Mucosal Status in Postmenopausal Women 017928
- Effects of Hydro-alcoholic Extract from Arctium lappa L. (Burdock) Root on Gonadotropins, Testosterone, and Sperm Count and Viability in Male Mice with Nicotinamide/ Streptozotocin-Induced Type 2 Diabetes 017010
- Efficacy of black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa L.) in treating early symptoms of menopause: a randomized clinical trial 017799
- Essiac and prostate cancer 005380
- Essiac and uterine cancer 005379
- Ethnomedicine of menstruation in rural Dominica, West Indies 019418
- Grapefruit juice and cadmium 016840
- Green and black tea and cancer 005384
- Impact of titanium dioxide on androgen receptors, seminal vesicles and thyroid hormones of male rats: possible protective trial with aged garlic extract 022805
- Inhibitory effects of O-methylated isoflavone glycitein on human breast cancer SKBR-3 cells 017891
- Jesus - Luke 8 - Healing an 'issue of blood' 013434
- Laughter therapy and infertility 006279
- Management of Usr-i-Tamth (Menstrual Pain) in Unani (Greco-Islamic) Medicine 019911
- Mechanisms involved in the chemoprotective effects of rosemary extract studied in human liver and bronchial cells 017758
- Milk thistle and prostate cancer 017225
- Mining analysis on composition and medication of menstruation prescriptions in Fu Qingzhu's Obstetrics and Gynecology 019433
- Mrs Grieve on Cannabis 016792
- Mrs Grieve on Evening Primrose 012147
- Mrs Grieve on Great Burnet 020742
- Mrs Grieve on Mugwort [Artemisia vulgaris] 012749
- Mrs Grieve on Slippery Elm 017215
- Mrs Grieve on Wild Amaranth 020773
- Mudras - Fountain rim mudra - Lower belt meridian 016849
- Nettles and prostate problems 006758
- Nettles summary of health benefits 006759
- Phytoestrogenic activity of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) anthocyanins is mediated through estrogen receptor alpha 017890
- Plant-derived MINA-05 inhibits human prostate cancer proliferation in vitro and lymph node spread in vivo 020884
- Pomegranate extract demonstrate a selective estrogen receptor modulator profile in human tumor cell lines and in vivo models of estrogen deprivation 022817
- Pomegranate fruit as a rich source of biologically active compounds 022815
- Potent anti-proliferative effects against oral and cervical cancers of Thai medicinal plants selected from the Thai/Lanna medicinal plant recipe database "MANOSROI III" 018895
- Prevention and therapy of cancer by dietary monoterpenes 017700
- Professor Dean Ornish - Your genes are not your fate 013068
- Research progress of phytoestrogens-like chemical constituents in natural medicines 017886
- Rye bread consumption in early life and reduced risk of advanced prostate cancer 021414
- Safflower polysaccharide inhibits the proliferation and metastasis of MCF-7 breast cancer cell 020847
- Scientific evaluation of medicinal plants used for the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding by Avicenna 017233
- Screening for estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities of plants growing in Egypt and Thailand 017892
- Selenium in reproductive health 016787
- Stockham, Alice Bunker - Karezza - And Infertility 013812
- Stockham, Alice Bunker - Karezza - The skilful boatman 013819
- Sunlight and health II 006224
- The antimicrobial effect of boric acid on Trichomonas vaginalis 017970
- The effect of selenium on carbendazim induced oral sub chronic toxicity 013086
- The healing effects of Vitamin D and sunlight 012466
- The Healing Power of Sleep 026790
- The Manuals of Taoist Sexual Practise – Talk on Supreme Guidance for the World 04 017856
- The Manuals of Taoist Sexual Practise – Ten Questions 02 017839
- The role of selenium in human conception and pregnancy 016786
- The role of the microbiome in cancer development and therapy 026778
- Thirty days of Fernet Branca: An experiment in healthy living 012770
- Turmeric, breast and prostate cancer 005578
- Vibrotherapy and prostate problems 006204
- Vitamin D deficiency and Hyperthyroidism 012197
Hallucination
- Agent Orange poisoning 006266
- Anastrazole and Arimidex 017646
- Anastrozole 017998
- Androgel 018001
- Asmanex 018014
- Bextra 018043
- Bicalutamide 018044
- Cabergoline 017431
- Danazol 018842
- Delestrogen 018852
- Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome: implications for patient care. 013025
- Estratab 018968
- Eulexin and Flutamide 018973
- Flavoxate 016886
- Flutamide 019067
- Goserelin and Zoladex 017654
- Hallucinations from high emotion and hypoglycemia 013003
- Hallucinations in the elderly, the stressed and BZ users 013023
- Higher than a kite taking PRISTIQ 012632
- Lincoln Wind turbine moratorium 004997
- Mercury amalgam fillings and schizophrenia 012330
- Metastron 019518
- Mrs Grieve on Cannabis 016792
- Nasonex and Mometasone 017684
- Nilandron 019691
- Oxazepam and Serax 002207
- Parlodel 015650
- Promethazine 002116
- Psychosis from Encephalitis 006951
- Spironolactone and Aldactone 005057
- Supprelin 020059
- Tamoxifen 015719
- Tamoxifen Citrate 020168
- Testosterone and Testosterone propionate 017430
- Transient psychosis in women on clomiphene, bromocriptine, domperidone and related endocrine drugs 017898
- Unusual manifestations of premenstrual syndrome 017905
- Vivid and bizarre dreams, Hallucinations, Erectile dysfunction and Psychosis from beta blockers 012276
- Zometa hallucinations 006841
Wisdom, Inspiration, Divine love & Bliss
- Masters and Houston - 1 Psychedelics and sex 015568
- Professor Dean Ornish - Your genes are not your fate 013068
- Stockham, Alice Bunker - Karezza - And Infertility 013812
- Stockham, Alice Bunker - Karezza - Men sow seed habitually where they do not wish it to grow 013820
- Stockham, Alice Bunker - Karezza - The skilful boatman 013819
- TED - Tyrone Hayes & Penelope Jagessar Chaffer: The toxic baby 016740
- The Manuals of Taoist Sexual Practise – Talk on Supreme Guidance for the World 04 017856
- The Manuals of Taoist Sexual Practise – Ten Questions 02 017839
Out of time
Enlightenment
In time
- French lady has NDE from ectopic pregnancy 013038
- Higher than a kite taking PRISTIQ 012632
- Vivid and bizarre dreams, Hallucinations, Erectile dysfunction and Psychosis from beta blockers 012276
- Woman dying of breast cancer sees her grandfather was there to help her 021254
Dying
- Agent Orange poisoning 006266
- Woman dying of breast cancer sees her grandfather was there to help her 021254