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Upanishads, the
Category: Books sutras and myths
The Upanishads are a collection of philosophical texts which form the theoretical basis for the Hindu religion. They are not Sruti (revealed truths) but explanations of the revealed truths. So if we can imagine lots of early sages [shamans] whizzing round the spiritual world gathering information about what they saw and were told, the Upanishads aim to piece all this knowledge together – a sort of spiritual map and set of concepts. Two particular concepts are used extensively in the Upanishads. The Brahman is the universal spirit and the Atman is the Higher spirit.
Historians believe the chief Upanishads were composed over a wide period ranging from the Pre-Buddhist period to the early centuries BCE, though minor Upanishads were still being composed in the medieval and early modern period. However, there has been considerable debate among authorities about the exact dating of individual Upanishads.
All Upanishads have been passed down in oral tradition. More than 200 are known, of which the first dozen or so, the oldest and most important, are variously referred to as the principal, main (mukhya) or old Upanishads. If an Upanishad has been commented upon or quoted by revered thinkers like Shankara, it is a Mukhya Upanishad,accepted by most Hindus. The Mukhya Upanishads can themselves be stratified into periods
- Of the early periods are the Brihadaranyaka, Jaiminiya Upanisadbrahmana and the Chandogya, the most important and the oldest, of which the two former are the older of the two.
- The Aitareya, Taittiriya, Kausitaki, Mundaka, Prasna, and Katha Upanishads come next and are said to ‘show Buddha's influence’.
- It is also alleged that in the first two centuries A.D., they were followed by the Kena, Mandukya and Isa Upanishads.
The new Upanishads probably originated in southern India, and are grouped according to their subject as (Samanya) Vedanta (philosophical), Yoga, Sanyasa (of the life of renunciation), Vaishnava (dedicated to the god Vishnu), Shaiva (dedicated to Shiva) and Shakti (dedicated to the goddess).
There is no fixed list of the Upanishads as newer ones have continued to be composed. On many occasions, when older Upanishads have not suited the founders of new sects, they have composed new ones of their own. Texts called "Upanishads" continued to appear up to the end of British rule in 1947.
Dara Shikoh, son of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, translated 50 Upanishads into Persian in 1657. The first written English translation came in 1805 from Colebrooke who was aware of 170 Upanishads.
Observations
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- Brihad-Aranyaka Upanishad
- Brihad-Aranyaka Upanishad
- Brihad-Aranyaka Upanishad
- Brihad-Aranyaka Upanishad
- Brihad-Aranyaka Upanishad
- Brihad-Aranyaka Upanishad – The Creation myth – 01 Verses 1.4.1 to 1.4.3
- Brihad-Aranyaka Upanishad – The Creation myth – 02 Verses 1.4.4 to 1.4.6
- Brihad-Aranyaka Upanishad – The Creation myth – 03 Verses 1.4.7 to 1.4.8
- Brihad-Aranyaka Upanishad – The Creation myth – 04 Verses 1.4.9 to 1.4.10
- Brihad-Aranyaka Upanishad – The Creation myth – 05 Verse 1.4.11
- Brihad-Aranyaka Upanishad – The Creation myth – 06 Verse 1.4.12 to 1.4.17
- Chandogya Upanishad
- Chandogya Upanishad
- Chandogya Upanishad
- Chandogya Upanishad
- Chandogya Upanishad
- Chandogya Upanishad
- Chandogya Upanishad
- Chandogya Upanishad
- Chandogya Upanishad
- Isa Upanishad
- Isa Upanishad
- Isa Upanishad
- Katha Upanishad
- Katha Upanishad
- Katha Upanishad
- Katha Upanishad
- Katha Upanishad
- Katha Upanishad
- Katha Upanishad
- Kaushitaki Upanishad
- Kaushitaki Upanishad
- Kaushitaki Upanishad
- Kena Upanishad
- Maitri Upanishad
- Maitri Upanishad
- Mandukya Upanishad
- Mandukya Upanishad
- Mundaka Upanishad
- Mundaka Upanishad
- Mundaka Upanishad
- Mundaka Upanishad
- Mundaka Upanishad
- Prasna Upanishad
- Prasna Upanishad
- Prasna Upanishad
- Prasna Upanishad
- Prasna Upanishad
- Prasna Upanishad
- Prasna Upanishad
- Prasna Upanishad
- Svetasvatara Upanishad
- Svetasvatara Upanishad
- Svetasvatara Upanishad
- Svetasvatara Upanishad
- Svetasvatara Upanishad
- Svetasvatara Upanishad
- Taittiriya Upanishad
- Taittiriya Upanishad
- Taittiriya Upanishad
- The Supreme teaching
- The Supreme teaching
- The Supreme Teaching
- The Supreme Teaching from the Upanishads
- Upanishads, the
- Upanishads, the – Commentary by Mircea Eliade