Observations placeholder
Dr Duke’s list of Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Phellodendron amurense -- Amur Cork Tree, Huang Bai, Huang Po, Po Mu
Identifier
018321
Type of Spiritual Experience
Background
A description of the experience
Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Phellodendron amurense RUPR. (Rutaceae) -- Amur Cork Tree, Huang Bai, Huang Po, Po Mu
Chemicals
7-DEHYDROSTIGMASTEROL Bark: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
AMURENSINE Leaf 400 - 10,000 ppm DUKE1992A
Analgesic JBH ; Expectorant JBH ; Tranquilizer JBH
BERBERINE Bark 8,300 - 10,000 ppm DUKE1992A
(+)-Inotropic MAB ; Abortifacient DUKE1992B ; Adrenolytic MAB ; Amebicide 200 ug/ml PAM EC83=100 ug/ml orl rat MAB ; Analgesic LRN-JUL91 ; Anesthetic LRN-JUL91 ; Antiacetylcholinesterase; Antiacne MAB ; Antiadrenergic KCH ; Antiaggregant; Antialzheimeran COX ; Antiamnesic MAB ; Antiangiogenic X15322253 ; Antiarrhythmic; Antiarthritic COX ; Antibacillus MIC=200 ug/ml PR14:303 ; Antibacterial 100 mg/4x/day LRN-JUL91 12.5-2,500 ug/ml PAM MIC=6-630 ug/ml PR14:303 ; Antibiotic PAM ; Anticancer; Anticariogenic MAB ; Antichlamydial PH2 ; Anticholecystitic 5-20 mg/3x/day/orl PAM ; Anticholera 150 mg/man/day MAR ; Anticirrhotic PAM ; Anticonjunctivitic 0.2% PAM ; Anticonvulsant 411 ; Antidiarrheic 100 mg/4x/day LRN-JUL91 ; Antidysenteric; Antiedemic MAB ; Antiendotoxic CAN ; Antienterotoxic PAM ; Antiesherichic; Antigiardial 10 mg/kg/day 414 ; Antiglaucomic AHP136 ; Antigonorrhea PJB1(3):231 ; Antihepatomic MAB ; Antihepatotic PMP25:62 ; Antiherpetic FEL ; Antihistaminic CAN ; Antiinflammatory; Antiischemic MAB ; Antileishmanic 10 ug/ml PR4(4):132 ; Antilipogenic IC63=10 uM MAB ; Antimalarial 0.14-0.36 ug/ml JE32:161 50 uM PR4(4):132 ; Antimitotic MAB ; Antimuscarinic CAN ; Antimyalgic FEL ; Antimycotic MAB ; Antineoplastic LRN-JUN87 ; Antinephritic PMP25:62 ; Antiperistaltic BRU ; Antipharyngitic PAM ; Antiphotooxidative JAF48:1058 ; Antiplasmodial IC50=0.14-0.36 ug/ml; Antipneumonic PAM ; Antipyretic 3 x aspirin; Antisalmonella PJB1(3):231 ; Antisecretory; Antiseptic 25 ug/ml; Antishigellic 12.5 ug/ml PAM ; Antispasmodic JBH ; Antispermigenic JE32:173 ; Antistaphylococcic PJB1(3):231 ; Antistrep PAM ; Antisyphilitic FEL ; Antitrachomic 0.2%; Antitrypanosomic 411 ; Antitubercular MIC=25 ug/ml; Antitumor (brain) IC91=150 ug/ml W&M ; Antiulcer; Antivaginitic KCH ; Antiviral KCH ; Astringent DUKE1992B ; Bilirubinolytic PH2 ; Calcium-Antagonist MAB ; Candidicide 414 ; Cardiodepressant KCH ; Cardiotonic; Carminative CAN ; Cholagogue AEHD1:99 ; Cholekinetic; Choleretic 411 ; Collyrium DUKE1992B ; COX-2-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor DUKE1992B ; Cytotoxic JBH ; Digestive AHP137 ; Diuretic AHP137 ; Emetic AEHD1:101 ; Fungicide 12.5-150 ug/ml PAM ; Glaucomagenic AHP136 ; Hemostat DUKE1992B ; Hypocholesterolemic JE27:243 ; Hypoglycemic; Hypotensive; Immunostimulant; Lachrymatory MAB ; Larvicide 9 ppm JCE10:115 ; Leucocytogenic PH2 ; Lipase-Inhibitor MED ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC50=118 uM PM60:421 ; Mutagenic; Mycobactericide MIC=25-50 ug/ml PR14:303 ; Mydriatic MAB ; Myocardiodepressant DUKE1992B ; Myorelaxant AHP137 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Phototoxic 9 ppm JCE10:115 ; Plasmodicide IC50=0.14-0.36 ug/ml POP:117 ; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor 25 mg/kg ivn rbt CHP12:526 ; Protisticide IC50=0.14-0.36 ug/ml POP:117 ; Respiradepressant MAR ; RNA-Depressant DUKE1992B ; RT-Inhibitor EMP5:222 ; Sedative; Stomachic PJB1(1) ; Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor 2.5 uM PM61:414 ; Trichomonicide M29 ; Trypanocide; Uterocontractant; Uterotonic 411 ; Vagostimulant man AHP136 ; Vasoconstrictor 414 ; Vasodilator 2 mg/kg cat AHP136 ; Vermifuge PJB1(1) ; Vibriofuge LRN-JUL91
BETA-SITOSTEROL Bark: DUKE1992A
Androgenic DUKE1992B ; Angiogenic X11988857 ; Anorexic MAR ; Antiadenomic M11 ; Antiandrogenic JE28:221 ; Antibacterial QJC28:155 ; Anticancer (Breast) PS131:95 ; Anticancer (Cervix) PJB1(2):287 ; Anticancer (Lung) PJB1(2):287 ; Antiedemic IC54=320 mg/kg orl DFN:160 ; Antiestrogenic JE28:221 ; Antifeedant 382 ; Antifertility JE28:221 ; Antigonadotrophic JE28:221 ; Antihyperlipoproteinaemic JBH ; Antiinflammatory; Antileukemic PJB1(2):287 ; Antilymphomic PJB1(2):287 ; Antimutagenic 250 ug/ml JAFC37:1365 ; Antiophidic 2.3 mg mus EMP5:363 ; Antioxidant IC44=10 uM JMF5:1 ; Antiprogestational JE28:221 ; Antiprostaglandin 30 mg/day/12 wks FT68(4):291 ; Antiprostatadenomic M11 ; Antiprostatitic 10-20 mg 3 x/day/orl man; Antipyretic HDN ; Antitumor (Breast) PS131:95 ; Antitumor (Cervix) PJB1(2):287 ; Antitumor (Lung) PJB1(2):287 ; Antiviral PS75:161 ; Apoptotic X17350814 ; Artemicide LC50=110 ppm PC29(5):1667 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidicide QJC28:155 ; Caspase-8-Inducer X17358014 ; Estrogenic PHM9:52 ; Febrifuge HDN ; Gonadotrophic JE28:221 ; Hepatoprotective PMP23:60 ; Hypocholesterolemic 2-6 g/man/day/orl M30 9-3,330 mg/man/day/orl MAR ; Hypoglycemic JE27:243 ; Hypolipidemic 2-6 g/day; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spermicide JE28:221 ; Ubiquiot JBH ; Ulcerogenic 500 mg/kg ipr rat FT63(1):3
CALCIUM Bark 14,100 ppm; DUKE1992A
Antiallergic 500 mg/day; Antianxiety DAS ; Antiarrhythmic 500-1,500 mg RAF ; Antiarthritic 1,000 mg/day WAF ; Antiatherosclerotic 500 mg/day WER ; Anticlimacteric 1,000-1,500 mg/day WAF ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antidote (Aluminum) DAS ; Antidote (Lead) DAS ; Antihyperkinetic DAS ; Antihypertensive; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antimenopausal; Antiobesity PIL ; Antiosteoporotic 500-2,000 mg/day; Antiperiodontitic 750 mg/day WER ; AntiPMS 1 g/day; Antirheumatic 1,000 mg/day WAF ; Antistress 500-1,500 mg/day WAF ; Antitic DAS ; Anxiolytic; Calcium-Channel-Blocker NP6:1 ; Diuretic NP6:1 ; Hypocholesterolemic 500 mg/day WER ; Hypotensive 1 g/day WER ; Laxative 1,000-1,200 mg WAF ; Tranquilizer 500-1,500 mg/day WAF ; Vasodilator NP6:1
CAMPESTEROL Bark: DUKE1992A
Antioxidant IC37=10 uM JMF5:1 ; Hypocholesterolemic JAD
CANDICINE Bark: DUKE1992A
Curare JBH ; Epileptigenic JE38:1 ; Hypertensive JBH ; Nicotinic JBH
COPPER Bark 6 ppm; DUKE1992A
Antianemic HYL ; Antiarthritic; Antidiabetic 2-4 mg/day WER ; Antifatigue HYL ; Antiinflammatory WER ; Antinociceptive WER ; Antiosteoporotic MPP ; Cardioprotective HYL ; Contraceptive MAR ; Hypocholesterolemic DAS ; Immunomodulator; Schizophrenigenic DAS
DIHYDROPHELLOSIDE Fruit: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
EO Fruit: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
FAT Cr 517,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
FLAVONOIDS Fruit 100,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
GUANIDINE Bark: DUKE1992A
Antimyasthenic 10-35 mg/kg/day DUKE1992B ; Convulsant DUKE1992B ; Hepatotoxic DUKE1992B ; Hypertensive DUKE1992B ; Hypoglycemic DUKE1992B ; Myostimulant JAD
HYPERIN Fruit: DUKE1992A
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor JBH ; Antibacterial PJB1(1):177 ; Antiinflammatory DUKE1992B ; Antiischemic X13677356 ; Antioxidant DUKE1992B ; Antiradicular JAF45:1039 ; Antitussive DUKE1992B ; Antiviral DUKE1992B ; Capillarifortificant JBH ; Capillarigenic JBH ; Diuretic DUKE1992B ; Hepatoprotective IC80=30 ug/ml CPB38:2201 ; Hypotensive FT1990:501 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
IRON Bark 210 ppm; DUKE1992A
Antiakathisic M29 ; Antianemic M29 ; Anticanker; Anticheilitic DAS ; Antimenorrhagic 100 mg/day/wmn/orl PAM ; Prooxidant PIL
JATRORRHIZINE Bl: DUKE1992A
Antiinflammatory FT63(1):3 ; Antimalarial IC50=0.42-1.61 ug/ml; Antiphotooxidative JAF48:1058 ; Antiplasmodial POP:117 ; CNS-Depressant DUKE1992B ; CNS-Stimulant DUKE1992B ; Enterotonic DUKE1992B ; Fungicide 411 ; Hypotensive 411 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Protisticide POP:117 ; Sedative 411 ; Uterocontractant MAB
LIMONIN Plant: DUKE1992A
Anticataleptic CPB38:2334 ; Antifeedant 382 ; Antileukemic IC50=>10 ug/ml LS55:1061 ; Antimalarial IC50=>100 ug/ml JE15:204 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
MAGNESIUM Bark 650 ppm; DUKE1992A
Antiaggregant 400 mg/day; Antialcoholic PIL ; Antianginal WER ; Antianorectic DAS ; Antianxiety WER ; Antiarrhythmic; Antiarthritic DAS ; Antiasthmatic PAM ; Antiatherosclerotic; Anticephalagic PIL ; AntiCFS PIL ; Anticlimacteric 500-750 mg/day; Anticonvulsant FAC ; Anticoronary 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antidiabetic 400-800 mg/man/day; Antidysmenorrheic 100 mg 4 x/day WER ; Antiendometriotic 500 mg/day WAF ; Antienterotic KEN ; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day; Antifatigue KEN ; Antifibromyalgic 200-300 mg 3x/day; Antigastrotic KEN ; Antiglaucomic ABEL1999 ; Antihyperkinetic DAS ; Antihypertensive NP6:1 ; Antihypoglycemic DAS ; Antiinflammatory 100 mg 4 x/day WER ; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antilithic PAM ; AntiLyme 400-1,000 mg; Antimastalgic PAM ; Antimenopausal 500-750 mg/day; Antimigraine 200 mg/day/man WER ; Antimitral-valve-prolapse PIL ; AntiMS; Antinephrolytic; Antineurotic DAS ; Antiosteoporotic 500-1,000 mg/day/wmn/orl; Antiplaque 500-1,000 mg/day WAF ; AntiPMS 400-800 mg/day/wmn orl 400-800 mg/day/wmn/orl; AntiRaynaud's 280-350 mg/day WAF ; Antiretinopathic 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Antispasmodic PIL ; Antispasmophilic 500 mg/day WER ; Antistress 500-750 mg/day WAF ; Antistroke 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Antisyndrome-X 400 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Anxiolytic 500-750 mg/day; Calcium-Antagonist; Cardioprotective PIL ; CNS-Depressant FAC ; Diuretic NP6:1 ; Hypocholesterolemic 400 mg/day WER ; Hypotensive 260-500 mg/day; Immunomodulator KEN ; Insulinogenic 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Laxative 300-500 mg/day; Litholytic PIL ; Myorelaxant 100 mg 4 x/day WER ; Neurotransmitter; Tranquilizer 500-750 mg/day WAF ; Uterorelaxant 100 mg 4 x/day WER ; Vasodilator
MAGNOFLORINE Bark: DUKE1992A
Antibacterial DUKE1992B ; Antineuromuscular ED50=10 mg/kg; Antispasmodic KCH ; CNS-Depressant KCH ; Curaroid <1% tubocurarine HDN ; Hypotensive; PAF-Inhibitor FT62:150 ; Paralytic HDN ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Toxic HDN ; Vasodilator KCH
MANGANESE Bark 20 ppm; DUKE1992A
Antialcoholic FHN ; Antianemic MAR ; Antiarthritic PIL ; Antidiabetic 10-30 mg/man/day 3-5 mg/day WER ; Antidiscotic DAS ; Antidyskinetic MAR ; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day WER ; Antiosteoporotic; Antiototic DAS ; Antioxidant PIL ; AntiPMS PIL ; Antisyndrome-X 10-30 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Hypoglycemic
MENISPERINE Bark: DUKE1992A
Antineuromuscular DUKE1992B ; Hypotensive DUKE1992B
METHYL-N-HEPTYL-KETONE Fruit: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
METHYL-N-NONYL-KETONE Fruit: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
MYRCENE Fruit: DUKE1992A
ACE-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml K26575 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor TYK1992:95 ; Allergenic M&R154 ; Analgesic EMM18:28 ; Antibacterial DUKE1992B ; Anticonvulsant X11085358 ; Antimutagenic EMM18:28 ; Antinitrosaminic X10606544 ; Antinociceptive 10-20 mg/kg ipr mus JPP42:877 20-40 mg/kg scu mus JPP42:877 ; Antioxidant JA6(4):33 ; Antispasmodic PM&T20:213.1986 ; Chemopreventive 525 ; FLavor FEMA 0.5-9 ARC ; Fungicide TOX ; Hypothermic X11085358 ; Insectifuge DUKE1992B ; Irritant ZEB ; Myorelaxant 100-200 mg/kg X12587690 ; P450-2B1-Inhibitor IC50=0.14 uM X9242356 ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
NOR-ICARISID(8-(3-BETA-GLUCOSIDE-OXYISOPENTYL)-KAEMPFEROL Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
OBACULACTONE Bark: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
OBACUNONE Bark: DUKE1992A
Anticataleptic CPB38:2334 ; Antifeedant 382 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
PALMATINE Bark: DUKE1992A
Abortifacient DUKE1992B ; Adrenocorticotrophic DUKE1992B ; Analgesic DUKE1992B ; Antialzheimeran? 411 ; Antiarrhythmic DUKE1992B ; Antibacterial DUKE1992B ; Anticholinesterase 411 ; Antiinfarctal PMP25:57 ; Antiinflammatory DUKE1992B ; Antimalarial PR4(4):131 ; Antipyretic GMJ ; CNS-Depressant DUKE1992B ; Hypotensive 411 ; Inotropic DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Respiradepressant DUKE1992B ; Uterotonic 411
PHELLAMURETIN Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
PHELLAMURINE Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
PHELLATINE Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
PHELLAVINE Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
PHELLODENDRINE Bark: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
PHELLODENDROSIDE Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
PHELLOSIDE Fruit: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
POTASSIUM Bark 4,370 ppm; DUKE1992A
Angiotensin-Receptor-Blocker NP6:1 ; Antiarrhythmic DAS ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antifatigue DAS ; Antihypertensive; Antispasmodic DAS ; Antistroke; Anxiolytic WAF ; Beta-Blocker NP6:1 ; Cardioprotective 3,000-5,000 mg PIL ; Cardiotoxic 18,000 mg/man/day DUKE1992B ; Diuretic NP6:1 ; Hypotensive; Vasodilator NP6:1
PROTEIN Seed 358,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
SODIUM Bark 55 ppm; DUKE1992A
Hypertensive DAS
ZINC Bark 26 ppm; DUKE1992A
ACE-Inhibitor NP6:1 ; Analgesic TEI ; Antiacne 135 mg/day; Antiacrodermatitic 8-34 mg/day/orl/chd M29 ; Antialcoholic; Antialopecic DAS ; Antialzheimeran 50 mg/day WER ; Antiangiogenic X16606632 ; Antianorexic M29 ; Antiarthritic 50 mg/3x/day/orl/man; AntiBPH 25-60 mg/day; Anticanker 100 mg/day WER ; Anticataract 30 mg/day WER ; Anticoeliac MAR ; Anticold 50 mg DAS ; Anticolitic DAS ; Anticoronary 30 mg/day SYN-X ; AntiCrohn's DAS ; Antidandruff DAS ; Antidementia PIL ; Antidiabetic SYN-X ; Antidote (Cadmium) LL-MAY89 ; Antidysgeuzic WRI ; Antieczemic 150 mg/day WER ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antiepileptic 100 mg/day WER ; Antifibrotic 30 mg WAF ; Antifuruncular 45 mg/3x/day/man MAR ; Antihangover 15 mg WAF ; Antiherpetic? 25-60 mg/day; AntiHIV PMM ; Antiimpotence M29 ; Antiinfective 50 mg/day WER ; Antiinfertility 60 mg/day WER ; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antilepric M29 ; Antileukonychic MTM ; Antilymphomic X16762953 ; Antimaculitic PIL ; Antimetastatic X16606632 ; Antineuropathic TEI ; Antinyctalopic WRI ; Antiobesity 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antiosteoporotic; Antiperiodontitic MPP ; Antiplaque M29 ; Antiprolactin PAM ; Antiprostatitic 50 mg/man/day/orl PAM ; Antirheumatic DAS ; Antiseptic 50 mg/day WER ; Antispare-Tire 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antistomatitic 50 mg/man/3x/day MAR ; Antisyndrome-X 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antitinnitic 60-120 mg/day WER ; Antitriglyceride 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antiulcer 50 mg/3x/day/man MAR 88 mg/rat/day/15 days PIL ; Antiviral? M29 ; Astringent MAR ; Collagenic PIL ; Copper-Antagonist SYN-X ; Deodorant M29 ; Detoxicant (Alcohol) PIL ; Ergogenic PIL ; Hypotensive 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Immunomodulator PIL ; Immunostimulant DAS ; Immunosuppressant 300 mg/day/6 wks/orl/man M29 ; Insulinogenic 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Leptingenic 30-60 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Mucogenic JPP42:657 ; NF-kB-Inhibitor X16606632 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spermigenic 60 mg/day WER ; Testosteronigenic WER ; Trichomonicide M29 ; Vulnerary MAR
The source of the experience
Dr Dukes plant databaseConcepts, symbols and science items
Concepts
Symbols
Science Items
Activities and commonsteps
Commonsteps
References
References
382: Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.
411: Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.
414: Jim Duke's personal files
525: Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.
ABEL1999: Jim Duke's personal files
AEHD1:101: Jim Duke's personal files
AEHD1:99: Jim Duke's personal files
AHP136: Jim Duke's personal files
AHP137: Jim Duke's personal files
ARC: Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry Note: Most ARC numerical data were in mg/dl. I know of no other plant where zinc is more prevalent than other minerals and protein. These data should be viewed as suspect.
BRU: Bruneton, J. 1999. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. 2nd Ed. Lavoisier Publishing, Paris. 1119 pp.
CAN: Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.
CHP12:526: Huang, C. G., Chu, Z. L., Yang, Z. M. 1991. Effect of Berberine on Synthesis of Platelet TXA2 and Plasma PGI2 in Rabbits. Chung-Kuo Yao Li Hsueh Pao, 12(6): 526-528.
COX: Jim Duke's personal files
CPB38:2201: Mayumi Ito (nee Someya), et al. 1990. Hepatoprotective Compounds from Canarium album and Euphorbia nematocypha. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(8): 2201-2203, 1990.
CPB38:2334: Jim Duke's personal files
DAS: Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
DFN:160: Jim Duke's personal files
DUKE1992A: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.
DUKE1992B: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their activities. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.
EMM18:28: Kauderer, B., Zamith, H., Paumgartten, F.J.R., and Speit, G. Evaluation of the Mutagenicity of B-Myrcene in Mammalian Cells In Vitro. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 18: 28-34, 1991.
EMP5:222: Jim Duke's personal files
EMP5:363: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 363.
FAC: Facciola, S. 1998. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, Vista CA. 713 pp.
FEL: Jim Duke's personal files
FHN: Forest H. Nielsen, USDA, Grand Forks, various publications.
FT1990:501: Jim Duke's personal files
FT62:150: Jim Duke's personal files
FT63(1):3: Jim Duke's personal files
FT68(4):291: Jim Duke's personal files
GMJ: Grenand, P., Moretti, C., and Jacquemin, H. 1987. Pharmacopees Traditionnelles en Guyane. l'ORSTROM, Paris. 569 pp.
HDN: Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African Ethnobotany - Poisons and Drugs. Chapman & Hall, New York. 941 pp.
HYL: Jim Duke's personal files
JA6(4):33: Jim Duke's personal files.
JAD: Duke, J. A. Writeups or information summaries on approximately 2,000 economic plants, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705.
JAF45:1039: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF48:1058: Jim Duke's personal files
JAFC37:1365: Jim Duke's personal files
JBH: Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
JCE10:115: Jim Duke's personal files
JE15:204: Khalid, S.A., Farouk, A., Geary**, T.G., and Jensen, J.B. 1985. Potential Antimalarial Candidates From African Plants: An In Vitro Approach Using Plasmodium falciparum*. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 15: 201-209, 1986.
JE27:243: Ivorra, M.D., Paya, M., and Villar, A. 1989. A Review of Natural Products and Plants as Potential Antidiabetic Drugs. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 27: 243-275, 1989.
JE28:221: Malini, T. and Vanithakumari, G. 1989. Rat Toxicity Studies With B-Sitosterol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 28: 221-234, 1990.
JE32:161: Jim Duke's personal files
JE32:173: Jim Duke's personal files
JE38:1: Jim Duke's personal files
JMF5:1: Jim Duke's personal files
JPP42:657: Li, K.M. Effect of zinc sulphate on acetic acid-induced gastric ulceration in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 657-659, 1990.
JPP42:877: Rao, V.S.N., Menezes, A.M.S., Viana, G.S.B. 1990. Effect of myrcene on nociception in mice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 877-878, 1990.
K26575: Jim Duke's personal files
KCH: Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.
KEN: Jim Duke's personal files
LL-MAY89: Let's Live, May 1989.
LRN-JUL91: Jim Duke's personal files
LRN-JUN87: Jim Duke's personal files
LS55:1061: Life Sciences 55: 1061.
M&R154: Jim Duke's personal files
M11: Merck 11th Edition
M29: Martindale's 29th
M30: Martindale's 30th
MAB: Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.
MAR: Martindale's 28th
MED: Medline (post 1990 searches filed in my computer)
MPP: Jim Duke's personal files
MTM: Jim Duke's personal files
NP6:1: Jim Duke's personal files
PAM: Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
PC29(5):1667: Jung, J.H., Pummangura, S., Chaichantipyuth, c., Patarapanich, C., and McLaughlin, J.L. 1989. Bioactive Constituents of Melodorum fruticosum. Phytochemistry. 29(5): 1667-1670. 1990.
PH2: Jim Duke's personal files
PHM9:52: Jim Duke's personal files
PIL: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(1): Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(1):177: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(2):287: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(3):231: Jim Duke's personal files
PM&T20:213.1986: Jim Duke's personal files.
PM60:421: Jim Duke's personal files
PM61:414: Kobayashi, Y, Yamashita, Y., Fujii, N., Takaboshi, K., Kawakami, T., Kawamura, M., Mizukami, T., Nakano, H. 1995. Inhibitors of DNA Topoisomerase I and II Isolated From the Coptis Rhizomes. Planta Medica, 61: 414-418.
PMM: Jim Duke's personal files
PMP23:60: Jim Duke's personal files
PMP25:57: Jim Duke's personal files
PMP25:62: Jim Duke's personal files
POP:117: Jim Duke's personal files
PR14:303: Jim Duke's personal files
PR4(4):131: Jim Duke's personal files
PR4(4):132: Jim Duke's personal files
PS131:95: Madhavi, D. L., Bomser, J., Smith, M., Singletary, K. 1998. Isolation of Bioactive Constituents from Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry) Fruits and Cell Cultures. Plant Sci., 131(1): 95-103.
PS75:161: Abid Ali Khan, M.M., Jain, D.C., Bhakuni, R.S., Zaim, M., and Thakur, R.S. 1991. Occurrence of some antiviral sterols in Artemisia annua. Plant Science, 75: 161-165, 1991.
QJC28:155: Recently became Internat. J. Crude Drug Res. 28(1,2,3,4):1990, page 155.
RAF: Jim Duke's personal files
SYN-X: Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
TEI: Jim Duke's personal files
TOX: Keeler, R.F. and Tu, A.T. eds. 1991. Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds. (Handbook of Natural Toxins Vol. 6) Marcel Dekker, Inc. NY. 665 pp.
TYK1992:95: Okamura, K., Iwakami, S., Matsunaga, T. 1992. Biological Activity of Monoterpenes from Trees. Toyama-Ken Yakuji Kenkyusho Nenpo, (20): 95-101.
W&M: Werbach & Murray, 1994.
WAF: Jim Duke's personal files
WER: Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
WRI: Jim Duke's personal files
X10606544: Jim Duke's personal files
X11085358: Jim Duke's personal files
X11988857: Jim Duke's personal files
X12587690: Jim Duke's personal files
X13677356: Jim Duke's personal files
X15322253: Jim Duke's personal files
X16606632: Jim Duke's personal files
X16762953: Jim Duke's personal files
X17350814: Jim Duke's personal files
X17358014: Jim Duke's personal files
X9242356: Jim Duke's personal files
ZEB: Zebovitz, T. C. Ed. 1989. Part VII. Flavor and Fragrance Substances, in Keith L. H. and Walters, D.B., eds. Compendium of Safety Data Sheets for Research and Industrial Chemicals. VCH Publishers, New York. 3560-4253.
ppm = parts per million
tr = trace