Medicines
Peony
Category: Medicines - plant based
Type
Voluntary
Introduction and description
The peony is a flowering plant in the genus Paeonia, the only genus in the family Paeoniaceae.
They are native to Asia, Southern Europe and Western North America.
Boundaries between species are not clear and estimates of the number of species range from 25 to 40.
The herb known as Paeonia, in particular the root of P. lactiflora (Bai Shao, Radix Paeoniae Lactiflorae), is frequently used in the traditional medicines of Korea, China and Japan.
Other names
Bai Shao, Chi Shao, Chinese Peony, Common Peony, Coral Peony, Cortex Moutan, European Peony, Jiu Chao Bai Shao, Moutan, Mu Dan Pi, Paeonia, Paeonia alba, Paeonia albiflora, Paeonia anomala, Paeonia arborea, Paeonia arietina, Paeonia beresowskii, Paeonia caucasica, Paeonia corallina, Paeonia coriacea, Paeonia daurica, Paeonia japonica, Paeonia kavachensis, Paeonia lactiflora, Paeonia mascula, Paeonia microcarpa, Paeonia moutan, Paeonia obovata, Paeonia officinalis, Paeonia paradoxa, Paeonia suffruticosa, Paeonia triternata, Paeonia veitchii, Paeonia willmottiae, Paeonia woodwardii, Paeoniae Flos, Paeoniae Radix, Peonía, Peony Flower, Peony Root, Piney, Pivoine, Pivoine Arbustive, Pivoine Blanche, Pivoine Commune, Pivoine de Chine, Pivoine des Jardins, Pivoine en Arbre, Pivoine Moutan, Pivoine Officinale, Pivoine Rouge, Racine de Pivoine, Radix Paeoniae, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Radix Peony, Red Peony, Shakuyaku, Shao Yao, Tree Peony, Ud Saleeb, Udsalam, Udsalap, White Peony.
Description
Peonies are perennial plants whose height can range from 0.5–1.5 metres (1.6–4.9 ft) tall, with some resembling trees and growing much larger 1.5–3 metres (4.9–9.8 ft) tall.
They have compound, deeply lobed leaves and large, often fragrant, flowers, ranging from red to white or yellow, in late spring and early summer.
Peonies can be classified by both plant growth habit and flower type.
Plant growth types are Herbaceous (nonwoody), Tree (shrub), and Itoh (or "Intersectional"), which is intermediate between herbaceous and tree forms. In winter herbaceous peonies die back to their underground parts, whereas tree peonies lose their leaves but retain viable woody stems above ground. The Itoh hybrids are intermediate between herbaceous and tree forms. They are named after Toichi Itoh, who first produced a successful intersectional hybrid in 1948.
The following sequence of flower types becomes more complex in its arrangement of petals. The flower types include Single (e.g., Athena, Scarlet O’Hara), Japanese (Nippon Beauty, Madame Butterfly), Anemone, Semi-Double (Paula Fay, Buckeye Belle), Double (Gardenia, Paul M. Wild) and Bomb-Double (Raspberry Sundae, Mons Jules Elie).
Background
The peony has very important symbolic meaning in spiritual terms. When seen in a symbolic garden, in most cultures it is a symbol of perfection. It is also associated with love and the heart.
Mrs Grieve
The superstitions connected with the Paeony are numerous. In ancient times, it was thought to be of divine origin, an emanation from the moon, and to shine during the night, protecting shepherds and their flocks, and also the harvest from injury, driving away evil spirits and averting tempests.
According to Mrs Grieve peonies were once used in a drink called ‘peony water’, and they were also one of the ingredients in a drink called ‘plague water’ used as its name implies during the plague. Most of the plants included had anti-viral and anti-bacterial activity.
Samuel Pepys Diary entry, 20th July 1665
“So walked to Redriffe, where I hear the sickness is, and indeed is scattered almost every where, there dying 1089 of the plague this week. My Lady Carteret did this day give me a bottle of plague-water home with me… and so to Mrs. Croft’s, where I found and saluted Mrs. Burrows, who is a very pretty woman for a mother of so many children. But, Lord! to see how the plague spreads. It being now all over King’s Streete, at the Axe, and next door to it, and in other places.”
For example:
“Take the roots of Tormentil, Angelica, Peony, Zedoarie, Liquorish, Elacampane, of each half an ounce, the leaves of Sage, Scordium, Celandine, Rue, Rosemary, Wormwood, Ros solis, Mugwort, Burnet, Dragons, Scabious, Agrimony, Baum, Carduus, Betony”…. Etc etc
Cultivation
Mrs Grieve
Peonies are extremely hardy and will grow in almost any soil or situation, in sun or shade. The best soil, however, is a deep, rich loam, which should be well trenched and manured, previous to planting.
Propagation is by division of roots, which increase very quickly. The best season for transplanting is towards the end of August, or the beginning of September. In dividing the roots, care must be taken to preserve a bud upon the crown of each offset.
Single varieties are generally propagated from seeds, sown in autumn, soon after they are ripe, upon a bed of light soil, covering them with 1/2 inch of soil. Water well in dry weather and keep clear from weeds. Leave the young plants in this bed two years, transplanting in September.
We were told when we moved into our house that peonies do not like being moved and indeed they do take a time to recover if you move the whole plant, but they do recover. They actually do better in the sun, but the flowers last longer in semi shade.
Perhaps it is the short lived nature of their flowers that gave them their symbolic associations, something as beautiful and short lived, with a perfume this subtle has to be very precious.
Cut back the woody stems as they fade in October and sprinkle bonemeal around plants. Feed them again in March with poultry manure.
Don't plant peonies too deep. Pot-grown peonies should be planted so the soil level in the pot matches the level in the garden. Planting too deeply causes poor flowering, so if you have a clump in a sunny spot that isn't doing well it probably needs raising. Avoid mulching in case you bury them.
With divisions, ensure the top of the crown (where the buds emerge below ground level), is 2in below the soil surface.
The tuberous roots need reasonable drainage. If you garden on clay, incorporate coarse grit. If your soil is thin and poor, add organic matter when planting. Single-flowered peonies tolerate more shade.
Tackle dividing large clumps with a pruning saw once foliage starts to die. Lift and clear soil. Remove dead wood and cut into pieces with about three to five buds, replant and feed.
Medicinal uses
Apart from its use in the sort of herbal mixtures described above, peony root less commonly the flower and seed, have been used in healing for centuries. Medicinally, Peony is sometimes called red peony and white peony. This does not refer to the colour of the flowers, but to the colour of the processed root.
Peony root has been used for a whole host of ailments - gout, osteoarthritis, fever, respiratory tract illnesses, and cough. Women used to use peony for menstrual cramps, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and for starting menstruation. It is also used for viral hepatitis, livercirrhosis, upset stomach, muscle cramps, “hardening of the arteries” (atherosclerosis), spasms, whooping cough (pertussis), epilepsy, nerve pain (neuralgia), migraine headache, and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)!
It is also meant to help with skin disorders soothing and healing dry flaky and cracked skin, and relieving itchy or flaky scalps.
Although this list appears impossible, practically all the healing properties are achieved through the plants anti-bacterial, anti-viral and anti-fungal activity. Illness and disease has a cause and that cause is very often bacteria, fungus or viruses, thus one plant may be able to tackle a whole host of illnesses simply because it can tackle a pathogen that itself may cause any number of different diseases. Research in reality is better aimed at finding which pathogens are best tackled by the plant and thankfully, as you will see from the observations, this is now the focus of a number of research groups, particularly in China, Korea, Japan and so on, where the tradition of using plants as healers is well established.
The observations provide the actual details of the plant’s composition and the research done on its activity.
Related observations
Healing observations
- A new monoterpene glycoside and antibacterial monoterpene glycosides from Paeonia suffruticosa 019430
- Antiallergic effect of the root of Paeonia lactiflora and its constituents paeoniflorin and paeonol 019431
- Antimicrobial activities of Aerva javanica and Paeonia emodi plants 019429
- Dr Duke's list of Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Paeonia lactiflora PALL. (Paeoniaceae) -- Bai Shao (Chinese), Chih-Shao, Common Garden Peony, Peony, White Peony 019427
- Dr Duke's list of medicinal plants with Analgesic activity 017959
- Dr Duke's list of Medicinal Plants with Tranquilizer activity of high potency 018140
- Dr Duke's list of Plants containing ARGININE 017958
- Dr Duke's list of Plants Containing QUERCETIN 021446
- Dr Duke's list of Plants with Antianxiety activity 018342
- Dr Duke's list of Plants with Antidote (Aluminum) Activity of high potency 018327
- Dr Duke's list of Plants with Antidote (Lead) activity 018377
- Dr Duke's list of Plants with Vulnerary activity 018927
- Gerard - On peonies 019425
- Inhibitory action of peony root extract on the mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene 019428
- Mining analysis on composition and medication of menstruation prescriptions in Fu Qingzhu's Obstetrics and Gynecology 019433
- Mrs Grieve on Peonies 019426
- Paeoniflorin ameliorates symptoms of experimental Sjogren's syndrome associated with down-regulating Cyr61 expression 019434
- Paeoniflorin exerts analgesic and hypnotic effects via adenosine A1 receptors in a mouse neuropathic pain model 019432
- Scientific evaluation of medicinal plants used for the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding by Avicenna 017233
- Successful treatment of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with total glucosides of paeony 019436
- Total glucosides of paeony inhibit the inflammatory responses of mice with allergic contact dermatitis by restoring the balanced secretion of pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines 019435