Hepatitis virus infection

Category: Illness or disabilities

Type

Involuntary

Introduction and description

There are five unrelated hepatotropic viruses [having an especial attraction or affinity for, or an effect on, the liver]  - hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, and hepatitis E - that cause illness in human beings.    

• Hepatitis A virus is a species of virus in the order Picornavirales in the family Picornaviridae and is the type species of the genus Hepatovirus.   The host range for hepatitis A virus (HAV) is limited to man and several species of non-human primates – principally chimpanzees and monkeys, “involvement of vertebrates other than primates in HAV circulation is unlikely”.  [PMID:  1335654]
• Hepatitis B virus, abbreviated HBV,- is a species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus and the genus is classified as part of the Hepadnaviridae family. HBV variants have also been detected and genetically characterised from Old World apes; Gorilla gorilla (gorilla), Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee), Pongo pygmaeus (orang-utan), Nomascus nastusus and Hylobates pileatus (gibbons) and from the New World monkey, Lagothrix lagotricha (woolly monkey).  The human variant is capable of being carried by gorillas and chimpanzees.  Hepatitis B is one of a few known non-retroviral viruses which use reverse transcription as a part of its replication process
• Hepatitis C virus abbreviated HCV is a virus of the family Flaviviridae, genus Hepacivirus.  Genetically-diverse hepaciviruses have been isolated from bats, dogs, cows, horses, primates and rodents.  But Hepatitis C virus itself affects only human beings and chimpanzees.
• Hepatitis  D virus – abbreviated HDV. The hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defective RNA virus requiring the presence of the HBV for the completion of its life cycle. The origins of this virus remain unknown, although suspicions seem to point to laboratory origins.  In other words it is man-made.  Transmission of HDV can occur either via simultaneous infection with HBV (coinfection) or superimposed on chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis B carrier state (superinfection).  It belongs to the Genus: Deltavirus
• Hepatitis E virus– is a virus of the genus Orthohepevirus, and has been reassigned into the Hepeviridae family. Thus far, four HEV genotypes that infect humans are recognized. Genotype 1 and 2 infections have been identified exclusively in humans, whereas genotype 3 and 4 viruses have been isolated from swine, deer, mongoose, cattle, and rabbits in addition to humans. Genotypes 3 and 4 are ubiquitous in swine.

So as you can see despite the name they are unrelated, different families and different genuses. 

	HAV	HBV	HCV	HDV	HEV
Classification	Picornavirus	Orthohepadnavirus	Hepacivirus	Deltavirus	Hepevirus
Genome	+ssRNA	dsDNA-RT	+ssRNA	−ssRNA	+ssRNA
Antigens		HBsAg, HBeAg	Core antigen	Delta antigen

 

Although unrelated, they do, however, often co-exist, the presence of one virus often signals the need to look for others in this group.   Hepatitis E virus and hepatitis A virus coinfection has been over 30% in some research studies, with hepatitis E virus and hepatitis B virus coinfection over 20%, and hepatitis E virus and hepatitis C virus coinfection over 35%.   “The incidence of hepatitis E virus coinfection with other hepatotropic viruses indicated that this pathogen is more frequent than expected”.

The one thing they have in common is that Hepatitis viruses can all cause hepatitis – liver inflammation – but they are not the only viruses that can do this, other example viruses that can also cause liver inflammation include cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, yellow fever and even herpes simplex virus.  Furthermore liver inflammation can be caused by heavy alcohol use, certain medications, and toxins. 

To make matters all the more confusing this group of viruses can be the cause of a great number of diseases related to the other organs of the body.  As we will see shortly a range of so-called auto-immune diseases can be caused by this family, such as SLE, pancreatic diseases and diabetes mellitus, along with a host of other diseases including cancer and encephalitis.

So the name these viruses have been given is meaningless.  Not only are they not the exclusive cause of Hepatitis – liver inflammation, - they can be the cause of diseases unrelated to the liver.  We might even be better thinking of them as Virus A, B, C, D and E without the additional hepatitis tag. 

David Crosby required a liver transplant due to HCV in 1995

Epidemiology

If we look at these viruses in detail one thing does become apparent, they are affecting a very very large number of people:

• Hepatitis A virus - Globally, around 1.4 million symptomatic cases occur each year and about 114 million infections (symptomatic and asymptomatic).  Acute hepatitis A resulted in 11,200 deaths in 2015.
• Hepatitis B virus - About a third of the world population has been infected at one point in their lives, including 350 million who have chronic infections. An estimated two billion people have been infected at one time or another.  Another 129 million new infections occurred in 2013. Over 750,000 people die of hepatitis B each year. About 300,000 of these are due to liver cancer. The disease is common in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa where between 5 and 10% of adults are chronically infected.    
• Hepatitis C virus  - An estimated 143 million people (2%) worldwide are infected with hepatitis C as of 2015. In 2013 about 11 million new cases occurred. It occurs most commonly in Africa and Central and East Asia. About 167,000 deaths due to liver cancer and 326,000 deaths due to cirrhosis occurred in 2015 due to hepatitis C
• Hepatitis D virus - Worldwide, about 20 million people may be infected with HDV.  There are at least 8 genotypes of this virus (HDV-1 to HDV-8).  Genotype I has been isolated in Europe, North America, Africa and some Asia. Genotype II has been found in Japan, Taiwan, and Yakutia (Russia). Genotype III has been found exclusively in South America (Peru, Colombia, and Venezuela). Some genomes from Taiwan and the Okinawa islands have been difficult to type but have been placed in genotype 2.
• Hepatitis E virus -  Hepatitis E newly infected about 28 million people in 2013.  In the United Kingdom, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs has said that the number of human hepatitis E cases increased by 39% between 2011 and 2012.
  Major outbreaks of Hepatitis E ,for example, have occurred in
  • New Delhi, India - 30,000 cases in 1955–1956
  • Burma - 20,000 cases in 1976–1977
  • Kashmir, India - 52,000 cases in 1978
  • Kanpur, India - 79,000 cases in 1991
  • China - 100,000 cases between 1986 and 1988

The four genotypes identified include Genotype 1 isolated from tropical and several subtropical countries in Asia and Africa;  Genotype 2 isolated from Mexico, Nigeria, and Chad; Genotype 3 found almost worldwide including Asia, Europe, Oceania, and North and South America;  Genotype 4 appears to be limited. 

Natalie Cole said that the hep C virus had likely been in her system for decades, from heroin use in her youth

Symptoms

Infection by all these viruses may severely impairs a person’s ability to work, care for family members, and perform other daily activities. In all cases there may be diarrhoea, nausea and fatigue with fever.  It has been noted that itchy skin has been an indication as a possible symptom of all hepatitis virus types.

It is noticeable that a number of symptoms are more a direct result of the pharmaceuticals given than the illnesses themselves.  For example, anaemia is a common adverse event associated with the use of ribavirin, and, more recently, the new HCV protease inhibitors. [PMID: 23386076]

	HAV	HBV	HCV	HDV	HEV
Incubation period	20–40 days	45–160 days	15–150 days	30–60 days	15–60 days
Severity	Mild	Occasionally severe	Subclinical	Exacerbates symptoms of HBV	Normal patients, mild; pregnant women, severe;
Chronicity	acute	5–10% chronic	70% chronic	chronic w/ HBV	acute

 Pamela Anderson has been quite open about getting hep C 'through a tattoo needle she shared with her ex-husband, rocker Tommy Lee'

Hepatitis A

The risk for symptomatic infection is directly related to age, with more than 80% of adults having symptoms and the majority of children having either asymptomatic or unrecognized infections.  When symptoms occur, they typically last eight weeks and may include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, light or clay coloured faeces, jaundice, fever, appetite loss, urine that is a dark amber colour, and abdominal pain.

Hepatitis B

Acute infection with hepatitis B virus produces acute viral hepatitis, an illness that begins with general ill-health, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, body aches, mild fever, and dark urine, and then may progress to development of jaundice. The illness lasts for a few weeks and then gradually improves in most affected people. Acute hepatitis B infection does not usually require treatment and most adults clear the infection spontaneously.

Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus either may be asymptomatic or may be associated with a chronic inflammation of the liver (chronic hepatitis), leading to cirrhosis over a period of several years.

Hepatitis D

Hepatitis D (hepatitis delta) can propagate only in the presence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Transmission of HDV can occur either via simultaneous infection with HBV (coinfection) or superimposed on chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis B carrier state (superinfection).

Both superinfection and coinfection with HDV results in more severe complications compared to infection with HBV alone. These complications include a greater likelihood of experiencing liver failure in acute infections and a rapid progression to liver cirrhosis. In combination with hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D has the highest fatality rate of all the hepatitis infections, at 20%.

Hepatitis C

During the initial infection people often have mild or no symptoms.   Symptoms are generally mild and vague, including a decreased appetite, fatigue, nausea, muscle or joint pains, and weight loss.   Most cases of acute infection are not associated with jaundice.  Occasionally a fever, dark urine, and abdominal pain occur.  There is some evidence that viruses can cause bruising as a side effect, principally via the effect they have on the circulatory system.  For example:

The infection resolves spontaneously in 10–50% of cases, which occurs more frequently in individuals who are young and female.

The virus persists in the liver in about 75% to 85% of those initially infected.  Early on chronic infection typically has minimal or no symptoms although later there can be fatigue and mild cognitive problems.   Over many years however, it often leads to liver disease and occasionally cirrhosis. Fatty changes to the liver occur in about half of those infected and are usually present before cirrhosis develops.  Hepatitis C is the leading reason for liver transplantation, though the virus usually recurs after transplantation.

Hepatitis E

HEV can cause jaundice, fatigue, diarrhoea and nausea. The symptomatic phase coincides with elevated hepatic aminotransferase levels.  Recovery leads to virus clearance from the blood, while the virus may persist in stool for much longer. Recovery is also marked by disappearance of IgM antibodies and increase of levels of IgG antibodies.  Hepatitis E occasionally develops into an acute, severe liver disease, and is fatal in about 2% of all cases.

Pregnant women show a more severe course of infection than other populations. Mortality rates of 20% to 25% and hepatic failure have been reported. Besides signs of an acute infections, adverse maternal and fetal outcomes may include preterm delivery, abortion, stillbirth, and intrauterine foetal and neonatal death.  This implies that hepatitis E has a serious mutagenic effect on the fetus.

Transmission and Cause

The following table from Wikipedia shows that two viruses are enteral and three parenteral.

• Enteral means the virus is caught by ingestion naturally via the mouth and oesophagus and then by passing through the intestinal tract. 
• Parenteral is defined as something that is put inside the body, but not by swallowing. An example of something parenteral is an injection given into the muscle on the leg, or a subcutaneous injection, or through some other artificial opening.

	HAV	HBV	HCV	HDV	HEV
Transmission	Enteral	Parenteral	Parenteral	Parenteral	Enteral
Chronicity	acute	5–10% chronic	70% chronic	chronic w/ HBV	acute

•  Chronic infection - Notice that the three viruses that are parenteral may produce chronic infection – that is (of an illness) persisting for a long time or constantly recurring.  This is because these three viruses exhibit latency.  Viral latency is the ability of a virus to remain dormant within the host cell.  The viral genome can remain latent either as an episome or integrated in the host chromosome.  During latency the pathogen maintains the potential to reactivate, resume replication, and cause recurrent disease.  Generally it does so when the immune system has been compromised.

• Acute infection - In contrast, the two viruses that are enteral produce acute infection - an acute viral infection is characterized by rapid onset of disease, a relatively brief period of symptoms, and resolution within days. It is usually accompanied by early production of infectious virions and elimination of infection by the host immune system.

Hepatitis A and E viruses

HPA and E viruses are caught naturally by ingestion via the mouth and oesophagus and then by passing through the intestine.  Following ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the epithelium of the oropharynx or intestine.  The blood carries the virus to its target, the liver, where it multiplies within hepatocytes and Kupffer cells (liver macrophages).

• Contamination of water supplies or food - Hepatitis A and E viruses are spread mainly by the faecal-oral route due to faecal contamination of water supplies or food; person-to-person transmission is uncommon.  Infections often occur in conditions of poor sanitation and overcrowding.  Outbreaks of epidemic hepatitis A or E most commonly occur after heavy rainfalls and monsoons because of their disruption of water supplies.
  Ingestion of shellfish cultivated in polluted water is associated with a high risk of infection.  HAV can survive for months in fresh and salt water.  
• Undercooked pork - Four HEV genotypes that infect humans are recognized. Genotypes 3 and 4 are ubiquitous in swine, and undercooked pork may be a major source of zoonotic infections of humans.

Amitabh Bachchan contracted Hepatitis B through blood transfusion

Hepatitis B, C and D viruses

Transmission of HBV results from exposure to infectious blood or body fluids containing blood. It is 50 to 100 times more infectious than HIV.  HCV is predominantly a blood-borne virus.  The routes of transmission of HDV are similar to those for hepatitis B.  So all these three viruses can be transmitted via blood and to a certain extent other body fluids.  Examples of activity where this occurs include:

• Intravenous drug use - particularly by injecting drug users.  It is believed that ten million intravenous drug users are infected with hepatitis C; China (1.6 million), the United States (1.5 million), and Russia (1.3 million) have the highest absolute total
• Sexual intercourse – but more particularly anal sex
• Use of Assisted reproductive technology and IVF
• Dental and medical work – it appears the risks are there for both dentist and patient.  Poor hygiene in public and private medical and dental facilities is known to be the primary cause of the spread of HCV in Egypt, the country with highest rate of infection in the world
• Surgery – via for example, improperly sterilized surgical equipment.  Caesarean sections have resulted in transmission from mothers to children
• Transplants – Organs can carry the viruses.  Furthermore, more than 2 million human tissue transplants (bone, tendon, cartilage, skin, cornea, amniotic membrane, stem cells, heart valve, blood vessel, etc.), are performed worldwide every year. And risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission has become a global safety concern. The rate of HBV transmission from donors to recipients of allografts is unknown. 
• Dialysis - Impaired renal function is associated with a high risk of chronicity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Patients on hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis are at an increased risk of viral transmission due to the frequent necessity of blood product transfer as well as use of contaminated dialysate or dialysis materials. Additionally, health professionals can cause viral spread via contaminated hands and poor hygiene. [PMID: 25914776]
• Blood transfusions. 
• Clotting factor use - Hemophilia can be treated by replacing missing blood clotting factors. ... Clotting factors are replaced by injecting (infusing) a clotting factor concentrate into a vein. Infusions of clotting factors help blood to clot normally.
• Transmission from chronic sufferers - Father-infant transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is possible, as is mother infant/foetus transmission.  Viruses may also be spread from an infected mother to her baby during birth.  Living with an infected person increases the risk of infection.  It is unfortunate that some chronically infected people show no symptoms.  Children often do not have symptoms when infected, but are still able to infect others, thus a child’s scratch or nose bleed may appear innocuous but may spread the viruses.
• Injections - Patient-to-patient transmission through contaminated medical equipment has been recognised as a major problem in some countries.  Injections in which unsterile needles are used, syringes are reused or contamination of multidose vaccine vials, all carry great risk.  “ample evidence exists that reuse of unsterile needles and syringes is common in developing countries. PMID: 7635609”
  Spanish anaesthetist Juan Maeso infected 275 patients between 1988 and 1997 as he used the same needles to give both himself and the patients opioids. For this he was jailed.
• Vaccinations - Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) was identified as an infection distinct from Hepatitis A through its contamination of measles, mumps, and yellow fever vaccines in the 1930s and 1940s. These vaccines contained HBV-infected human serum as a stabilizing agent. I think it should be clear that as a consequence far more people became infected than would otherwise have been.  But the vaccines for HBV and HAV may themselves be spreading the disease – this is discussed under the treatment section below.
• Tattoos - Permanent decorative tattooing involves the introduction of exogenous pigments and/or dyes into the dermis to produce the permanent design. Despite improved hygiene in the tattoo parlours of Western countries, this procedure still carries risk and one of these is the transfer of the hepatitis virus.  This can be due to either improperly sterilized equipment or contamination of the dyes being used.
  Various complications may occur right after tattooing, from benign complications such as transient limb edema, palpable lymph nodes, and contact eczema, to more severe ones such as the inoculation of virulent microorganisms into the dermis, potentially life-threatening cellulitis, and necrotizing fasciitis or cutaneous vasculitis.  PMID: 22944541

A number of cultural or ritual practices have also been shown to be a mode of spread for these viruses, including

• circumcision,
• genital mutilation,
• ritual scarification,

Biting insects may be sufficient to maintain endemic infection in the tropics, where people receive large number of insect bites.

Common causes – pharmaceuticals

The gastrointestinal system is designed to be able to handle pathogens.  The mouth has natural bacteria, the stomach has acid, the gall bladder secretes bile, and the intestinal flora contain a host of ‘friendly’ bacteria and other microbes, designed to repel pathogens.  Diarrhoea and vomiting are a sign that this system is working.

But a host of pharmaceuticals or extremely unwise surgical procedures have been developed which completely destroy this naturally effective immunological response:

• Immunosuppressants [steroids] destroy all immunological defences
• Mouthwashes destroy the friendly bacteria in the mouth
• Antacids and Proton Pump inhibitors neutralise the stomach acid
• Removal of the gall bladder ensures the gall bladder no longer secretes bile and
• The intestinal flora can be destroyed by antibiotics and a number of other pharmaceuticals
• Diarrhoea can be suppressed by anti-diarrhoeal pharmaceuticals ensuring the viruses stay in the body
• Anti-emetics stop the vomiting and thus ensure pathogens are not ejected

Thereafter any complications and more serious disease is thus likely to have been caused by pharmaceuticals all of which compromise natural immune reaction.  

If we put this simply, both Hepatitis A and E viruses pose no threat as the body is able to handle them.  The threat actually comes from doctor prescribed pharmaceuticals.

And in the case of the other viruses, the immune system may actually be able to face the threat unless it has been compromised by pharmaceuticals.  In immunocompromised subjects—particularly those on immunosuppressants -  the entire group of hepatitis viruses may cause chronic infection leading to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis and via the infection of other organs, death.  Acute liver failure may also occur in the weak and already diseased especially the elderly.

Common cause all viruses – laboratories

It is extremely clear from all the papers on PubMed that a major source of new variants of these viruses and new strains are research workers.  For example

In other words these scientists have created new viruses capable of attacking the lungs and the liver of human beings.  Not only are they creating new strains of these viruses that can attack human beings, but they are also creating new strains that attack other animals – where no virus existed before

Hepatitis B viruses (HBVs) have been found in ‘higher primates’, such as chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and gibbons.  There are some interesting links here with laboratory animals and their poor treatment and the spread of these viruses, in much the same way as HIV is suspected to be a laboratory derived disease.

If we wish to find the cause of these viruses and all their variants we need look no farther than research scientists.  Hepatitis D is likely to be a laboratory created disease.  Hepatitis E was ‘discovered’ during an epidemic of hepatitis, which occurred in Kashmir Valley in 1978. The epidemic involved an estimated 52,000 cases of icteric hepatitis with 1,700 deaths. The disease had unique clinical and epidemiological features, which rather indicates it was a newly created virus.

Common cause – biological warfare

During the past century, more than 500 million people died of infectious diseases. Several tens of thousands of these deaths were due to the deliberate release of pathogens or toxins. 

The Japanese, for example tested at least 25 different disease-causing agents on prisoners and unsuspecting civilians in WWII. During the war, the Japanese army poisoned more than 1,000 water wells in Chinese villages to study cholera and typhus outbreaks. Japanese planes dropped plague-infested fleas over Chinese cities or distributed them by means of saboteurs in rice fields and along roads. Some of the epidemics they caused persisted for years and continued to kill more than 30,000 people in 1947, long after the Japanese had surrendered.  The German army was the first to use weapons of mass destruction, both biological and chemical, during the First World War.

The US biological warfare programme started in 1941 on a small scale, but increased during the war to include more than 5,000 people by 1945.  Soon after the war, the US military started open-air tests, exposing test animals, human volunteers and unsuspecting civilians to both pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes. A release of bacteria from naval vessels off the coasts of Virginia and San Francisco infected many people, including about 800,000 people in the Bay area alone. Bacterial aerosols were released at more than 200 sites, including bus stations and airports. The most infamous test was the 1966 contamination of the New York metro system.

The Soviet Union established Biopreparat, a gigantic biowarfare project that, at its height, employed more than 50,000 people in various research and production centres. The size and scope of the Soviet Union's efforts were truly staggering: they produced and stockpiled tons of anthrax bacilli and smallpox virus, some for use in intercontinental ballistic missiles, and engineered multidrug-resistant bacteria, including plague. They worked on haemorrhagic fever viruses, some of the deadliest pathogens that humankind has encountered.

Two international treaties outlawed biological weapons in 1925 and 1972, but they have largely failed to stop countries from conducting offensive weapons research and large-scale production of biological weapons. And as our knowledge of the biology of disease-causing agents—viruses, bacteria and toxins—increases, it is clear that modified pathogens have been released both deliberately and accidentally by insane individuals who have gone to the laboratories mentioned above and by the biowarfare programmes.

 

Other Illnesses caused by the Hepatitis family of viruses

A host of other illnesses can be caused by these viruses other than liver inflammation and disease in chronic sufferers.  But what you will find is that the two main culprits are Hepatitis B and C, and of the two HBV is by far the biggest culprit.  This has especial interest because one would have thought that the availability and widespread use of the vaccine would have improved matters, but it clearly hasn’t, an aspect we will explore more shortly in the Treatments section.

The list of illnesses and diseases is long, and the proof is provided by papers from PubMed, but we have relegated the complete and very detailed list to the 'Scinece' section, because it would have made this section almost unmanageable.  So for the detail see Other Illnesses caused by the Hepatitis family of viruses.

Briefly, these illnesses are

• Cancer - liver cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, pancreatic cancer and testicular cancer

• Fibromyalgia

• Infertility

• Multiple myeloma and leukemia

• Skin diseases

• Gall bladder disease

• Systemic lupus erythematosus

• Thyroid disease

• Nervous system diseases including Guillain-Barré syndrome

• Blood circulatory system disease

• Heart failure and arrhythmia

• Kidney disease

• Arthritis

• Pancreas disease and diabetes

• Sjögren's syndrome

• Inherited illness and genetic mutations

Diagnosis and treatment

Diagnosis

Diagnosis requires blood testing, as the symptoms are similar to those of a number of other diseases.  Metagenomic testing is one accurate and quick method of testing for the viruses.

Prevention

The best treatment is actually prevention.  Clean water, better sanitation, frequent hand washing and properly cooked food, avoiding shellfish found in polluted waters.  Change of sexual habits and the use of condoms will also help. The word ‘No’ can be a very effective preventative.  Otherwise avoiding the stated causes is a preventative.

HAV virus is resistant to detergent, acid (pH 1), solvents (e.g., ether, chloroform), drying, and temperatures up to 60°C. But HAV can be inactivated by chlorine treatment (drinking water), formalin (0.35%, 37°C, 72 hours), peracetic acid (2%, 4 hours), beta-propiolactone (0.25%, 1 hour), and UV radiation (2 μW/cm2/min).

The vaccination dilemma

The medical community recommend the use of vaccines, not only in their patinets, but there is now a widespreadcampaign to 'encourage' medical staff to have the vaccinations.  And these are as follows.  There are no tested approved vaccines against hepatitis C, D or E, although vaccines for C and E have been developed:

Vaccine	Excipient ingredients at at Jan 2018
Hepatitis A vaccine (Havrix)	Aluminum hydroxide, amino acid supplement, formalin, MRC-5 cellular protein, neomycin sulfate, phosphate buffers, polysorbate 20
Hepatitis A vaccine (VAQTA)	Amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate, bovine albumin or serum, formaldehyde, MRC-5 cellular protein, sodium borate
Hepatitis B vaccine (Engerix-B)	Aluminum hydroxide, phosphate buffers, yeast protein
Hepatitis B vaccine (Recombivax HB)	Amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate, amino acids, dextrose, formaldehyde, mineral salts, potassium aluminum sulfate, soy peptone, yeast protein
HepA/HepB vaccine (Twinrix)	Aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, amino acids, formalin, MRC-5 cells, neomycin sulfate, phosphate buffers, polysorbate 20, yeast protein

 Hepatitis A virus

Hepatitis A virus is under natural conditions caught via the oral route.  This gives the immune system plenty of time to react and as a consequence infection, though common in children in developing countries, reaching nearly 100% incidence, produces lifelong immunity.  The virus only enters the blood stream to cause serious complications, if the gastrointestinal system defences have been compromised. 
As we have already seen, pharmaceuticals [antibiotics, antacids, PPIs etc] and toxins do this.  Thus if the person avoids the pharmaceuticals and any toxin laden food, a vaccine is not needed.  It should also be noted that by injecting the person, the virus enters the bloodstream immediately, whereas normally it would be contained by the gastrointestinal system.  Vaccination is thus allowing Hepatitis A which would normally be an acute illness to become a chronic one.

Hepatitis B virus

Hepatitis B virus  exhibits latency.  Injecting a child or any person with a virus that exhibits latency, especially straight into the blood stream is madness.  In effect one has introduced a virus, where no virus existed before, in a way that almost guarantees it will become a latent infection. 

There is thus the appalling possibility that Hepatitis B is being spread by vaccines. 

As we can see above the virus itself causes a number of truly serious life threatening diseases, diseases that appear later than the initial infection, as such any number of the diseases shown above could have actually been caused by the vaccine not an infection.  Apart from the diseases above we also have:

Multiple sclerosis

A link between the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine and an increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) has been shown in several studies …..

And

Fibromyalgia and Chronic fatigue syndrome

Encephalitis, macular degeneration and blindness

Aluminium adjuvant

As you can see all the vaccines contain aluminium as adjuvant.  Aluminium destroys the blood brain barrier and thus leaves one open to brain damage from whatever pathogens, heavy metals or toxins are in your blood stream, as such the vaccines may pose more danger than the virus.

Excipient toxicity

The addition of formaldehyde [also called formalin], and polysorbate-20 - a detergent, won’t improve matters. 

Remember that Acute hepatitis B infection does not usually require treatment and most adults clear the infection spontaneously.   But since vaccination was introduced at least  350 million have chronic infection.  And who knows how many may have died from all the other diseases and the link was never made.

 

References and further reading

We have used a very large number of papers in this entry.  Rather than list their names, we have given you the PubMed reference number so that you can look up the paper if you wish to.  There are two papers worth reading even if you don’t read the others:

• Species Association of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) in Non-Human Apes; Evidence for Recombination between Gorilla and Chimpanzee Variants- - Sinéad Lyons , Colin Sharp, Matthew LeBreton, Cyrille F. Djoko, John A. Kiyang, Felix Lankester, Tafon G. Bibila, Ubald Tamoufé, Joseph Fair, Nathan D. Wolfe, Peter Simmonds Published: March 14, 2012  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033430
• EMBO Rep. 2003 Jun; 4(Suppl 1): S47–S52.  doi:  10.1038/sj.embor.embor849 PMCID: PMC1326439  Science and Society - The history of biological warfare - Friedrich Frischknecht - Human experimentation, modern nightmares and lone madmen in the twentieth century

Related observations

Healing observations

• Acacia nilotica and hepatitis C 005693
• Anti-HBV effect of individual traditional Chinese herbal medicine in vitro and in vivo: an analytic review 017490
• Anti-hepatitis B virus activity of chickweed [Stellaria media (L.) Vill.] extracts in HepG2.2.15 cells 018263
• Anti-hepatitis C virus compounds obtained from Glycyrrhiza uralensis and other Glycyrrhiza species 019313
• Antioxidative and in vitro antiproliferative activity of Arctium lappa root extracts 017006
• Asafoetida, cancer and 'flu 006979
• Association between elevated coffee consumption and daily chocolate intake with normal liver enzymes in HIV-HCV infected individuals: results from the ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH cohort study 027130
• Augmented primary humoral immune response and decreased cell-mediated immunity by Murraya koenigii in rats 027512
• Beer and hops as antivirals 006986
• Black nightshade and hepatitis C 005352
• Coffee Consumption Decreases Risks for Hepatic Fibrosis and Cirrhosis: A Meta-Analysis. 027131
• Croll, Oswald - Preface of Signatures – 02 Preface 016020
• Dr Duke's activity for Carnosol 017757
• Dr Duke's activity in Caffeic acid 017760
• Dr Duke's list of activities for Chlorogenic acid 017767
• Dr Duke's list of activities for Tannins 017824
• Dr Duke's list of activity for Ferulic acid 017775
• Dr Duke's list of Antiviral activity for Colocynth 018078
• Dr Duke's list of Antiviral activity for the Dock 018084
• Dr Duke's list of Antiviral activity for the Dog Rose 018092
• Dr Duke's list of biological activities for Vitamin C 017880
• Dr Duke's list of chemicals and activity for the Shallot 017969
• Dr Duke's list of Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Prunella vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae) -- Heal-All, Self-Heal 018270
• Inhibition of hepatitis B virus by an aqueous extract of Agrimonia eupatoria L 019202
• Isolation and anti-hepatitis B virus activity of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from the fruits of Schisandra chinensis 020877
• Liquorice and antiviral actions including HIV 012300
• Liquorice and hepatitis B 012297
• Liquorice and hepatitis C 005355
• Liquorice and viruses 005358
• Liquorice, TCM and viral infections 012299
• Liver disease and cannabis 007601
• Liver disease, Vitamin D deficiency and Hepatitis C 012058
• Lomatium - Properties of Lomatium 017478
• Metagenomic testing as a means of identifying the pathogen responsible for liver disease 026754
• Milk thistle in liver diseases: past, present, future 017224
• Mrs Grieve on Milk Thistle 017231
• Phyllanthus niruri and hepatitis C 005367
• Portulaca oleracea L. as a Prospective Candidate Inhibitor of Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Serine Protease 018910
• Primary vaccine failure to routine vaccines: Why and what to do? 026691
• Scutellariae radix suppresses hepatitis B virus production in human hepatoma cells 017492
• Stephen Harrod Buhner - Herbal Antivirals - Ginger 017501
• Stephen Harrod Buhner - Herbal Antivirals - Skullcap 017499
• Sunshine as a cure for illness 026789
• The Healing Power of Sleep 026790

Hallucination

• Antivirals cause hepatitis 005590
• Interferon-induced psychosis as a psychiatric contraindication to hepatitis C treatment 016903
• Intron A 016900
• Major depressive disorder with psychotic features induced by interferon-alpha treatment for hepatitis C in a polydrug abuser 016905
• Neuropsychiatric manifestations in a patient undergoing hemodialysis caused by treatment with oral acyclovir 005588
• Pegasys and Peg-intron 015652
• Pegintron 016899
• Pegylated-interferon-α(2a) in clinical practice: how to manage patients suffering from side effects 016909
• Prednisolone, Prednisolone Acetate & Sodium Phosphate 015665
• Prolonged psychosis associated with interferon therapy in a patient with hepatitis C 016904
• Psychosis associated with interferon alfa therapy for chronic hepatitis B 016906
• Ribapak 020003
• Ribavirin, Copegus, Rebetol and Ribasphere 005609
• Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate 020194
• Vaccines, demyelation and brain diseases 006955
• Viread 024179

Wisdom, Inspiration, Divine love & Bliss

• Gurrumul Yunupingu, Geoffrey - Bakitju 027704
• Primary vaccine failure to routine vaccines: Why and what to do? 026691
• Ten year old is shown her own death 013045

Out of time

Near death, Out of time, Out of body, Rebirth

• Ten year old is shown her own death 013045

In time

Synaesthesia, Pure or enhanced perception, Inter composer communication, Vision, Dream, Perception recall, Exploring group perception

• Ten year old is shown her own death 013045

Other observations

• Vaccines, and yeast allergy and intolerance 012290