Observations placeholder
Dr Duke's list of Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Mentha arvensis var. piperascens MALINV. EX L. H. BAILEY (Lamiaceae) -- Cornmint, Field Mint, Japanese Mint
Identifier
019410
Type of Spiritual Experience
Background
A description of the experience
Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Mentha arvensis var. piperascens MALINV. EX L. H. BAILEY (Lamiaceae) -- Cornmint, Field Mint, Japanese Mint
Chemicals
(+)-8-ACETOXY-CARVONE Essential Oil: JAD
No activity reported.
(+)-CARVONE Essential Oil: JAD
Antialzheimeran? LGR ; Anticholinesterase LGR
(+)-ISOMENTHONE Leaf 240 - 7,062 ppm GEO JAD
No activity reported.
(+)-MENTHOFURAN Leaf 32 ppm; JAD
No activity reported.
(+)-NEOMENTHOL Leaf 20 - 580 ppm GEO JAD
No activity reported.
(+)-OCTAN-3-ONE Leaf 9,000 - 27,000 ppm JAD
No activity reported.
(+)-PIPERITONE Leaf 90 - 290 ppm JAD
No activity reported.
(+)-PULEGONE Plant 25,455 ppm; JAD
Antiacetylcholinesterase IC50=0.9 mM JAF45:677 IC50=136 ug/ml JAF46:3434 ; Irritant ZEB DUKE1992B ; Perfumery DUKE1992B
1,8-CINEOLE Leaf: JAD
(-)-Chronotropic 87 nl/ml HH2 ; (-)-Inotropic HH2 ; Acaricide LC100=6 uM; Allelopathic; Allergenic M&R486 ; Anesthetic DUKE1992B ; Anthelmintic JBH ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC50=41 ug/ml JAF46:3434 ; Antiallergic JFH33(6):569 ; Antibacterial 50 ppm; Antibronchitic PR14:240 ; Anticariogenic JNP59:823 ; Anticatarrh M29 ; Anticholinesterase IC50=50-70; Antifatigue JAR8:2 ; Antihalitosic AH12(4):17 ; Antiinflammatory EJP331:253 ; Antilaryngitic DUKE1992B ; Antinociceptive PR14:401 ; Antipharyngitic DUKE1992B ; Antiplaque X12537346 ; Antirheumatic PR14:240 ; Antirhinitic DUKE1992B ; Antiseptic JBH ; Antisinusitic PR14:240 ; Antispasmodic SHT158 ; Antistaphylococcic 50 ppm JAR8:2 ; Antitussive; Antiulcer X11281182 ; Candidicide LAF337 ; Carcinogenic ZEB ; Choleretic DUKE1992B ; CNS-Stimulant DUKE1992B ; Convulsant JAR8:2 ; Counterirritant M29 ; Cytochrome-P450-Inducer MED'95 ; Decongestant; Degranulant 0.3 ul/ml EJP331:253 ; Dentifrice M29 ; Edemagenic inj; Expectorant JBH ; FLavor FEMA 1-200 ARC ; Fungicide SHT158 ; Gastroprotective X11281182 ; Gram(+)icide JAR8:2 ; Gram(-)icide JAR8:2 ; Hepatotonic DUKE1992B ; Herbicide IC50=78 uM TOX ; Hypotensive DUKE1992B ; Inflammatory inj EJP331:253 ; Insectifuge; Irritant RIN ; Myorelaxant CAN ; Nematicide NIG ; Neurotoxic JAR8:2 ; P450-Inducer MED'95 ; Pediculicide 2.3 x pyrethrin JAF52:2507 ; Perfume ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Rubefacient M29 ; Secretogogue SHT158 ; Sedative; Spasmogenic JAR8:2 ; Surfactant SHT158 ; Testosterone-Hydroxylase-Inducer MED'95 ; Transdermal X14703969 ; Trichomonicide LD100=1,000 ug/ml FT67:279
1-P-MENTHEN-3-ONE Plant: GEO
No activity reported.
3',4',5,7-TETRAHYDROXY-FLAVONE-7-ALPHA-L-RHAMNOSYL-BETA-D-GLUCOSIDE Shoot: JAD
No activity reported.
3',5,7-TRIHYDROXY-4'-METHOXY-FLAVONE-O-BETA-D-GLUCOSIDE Shoot: JAD
No activity reported.
3(5',5'-DIMETHYL-TETRAHYDROFURAN-2'-YL)-BUT-CIS-2-EN-1-OL Plant 1.4 ppm; DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
3-METHYLPENTANOL Plant: HHB
No activity reported.
4',5,7-TRIHYDROXY-FLAVONE-7-ALPHA-L-RHAMNOSYL-BETA-D-GLUCOSIDE Shoot: JAD
No activity reported.
4',5,7-TRIHYDROXY-FLAVONE-O-BETA-D-GLUCOSIDE Shoot: JAD
No activity reported.
ACACETIN-7-O-BETA-D-GLUCOSIDE Shoot: JAD
No activity reported.
ACETIC-ACID Plant: GEO
Acidulant JBH ; Antibacterial 5,000 ppm DUKE1992B ; Antiotitic MAR ; Antisalmonella X11307877 ; Antivaginitic 1-2% DUKE1992B ; Expectorant MAR ; Fungicide M29 ; Keratitigenic M&R367 ; Mucolytic M29 ; Osteolytic DUKE1992B ; Perfumery FEMA 6,000-40,000 ppm ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Protisticide M29 ; Spermicide MAR ; Ulcerogenic HG20:9 ; Verrucolytic DUKE1992B
ACETYLMENTHOL Plant: CCO
No activity reported.
ALPHA,BETA-HEXENIC-ACID Plant: GEO
No activity reported.
ALPHA,GAMMA-HEXENYL-PHENYL-ACETATE Plant: GEO
No activity reported.
ALPHA-PINENE Plant 10 - 300 ppm GEO JAD
Allelochemic DUKE1992B ; Allergenic M&R523 ; Antiacne JAR12:99 ; Antibacterial; Antifeedant JAF45:3276 ; Antiflu EMP5:195 ; Antiinflammatory 500 mg/kg; Antipneumonic X16248573 ; Antiseptic X16248573 ; Antispasmodic; Antistaphylococcic X16248573 ; Antiviral EMP5:195 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Coleoptophile DUKE1992B ; Expectorant MIK ; FLavor FEMA 15-150 ARC ; Herbicide IC50=30 uM TOX ; Insecticide 0.82 uM/fly JAF50:4576 ; Insectifuge 50 ppm; Insectiphile JSPR22:141 ; Irritant JBH ; P450-2B1-Inhibitor IC50=0.087 uM X9242356 ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative LRN-JUN90 ; Spasmogenic; Tranquilizer LRN-JUN90 ; Transdermal X7199340
ALPHA-THUJENE Plant: HHB
No activity reported.
ANISALDEHYDE Shoot: JAD
Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Fungicide PJB1(2):261 ; Insecticide CAN ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Tyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=0.32 mM JAF47:4574 ID50=320 uM JAF46:1268 ID50=380-970 uM
BETA-CAR-3-ENE Essential Oil: JAD
No activity reported.
BETA-PHELLANDRENE Plant: HHB
Expectorant JBH ; Fungicide HH2 ; Perfumery M11
BETA-PINENE Plant 10 - 1,445 ppm JAD
Allergenic M&R618 ; Antiinflammatory FT63(1):3 ; Antiseptic LAF ; Antispasmodic; Candidicide LAF337 ; FLavor FEMA 15-600 ARC ; Herbicide TOX ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant ZEB ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spasmogenic CAN ; Transdermal X10408241
CALCIUM Plant 13,500 ppm; SMO
Antiallergic 500 mg/day; Antianxiety DAS ; Antiarrhythmic 500-1,500 mg RAF ; Antiarthritic 1,000 mg/day WAF ; Antiatherosclerotic 500 mg/day WER ; Anticlimacteric 1,000-1,500 mg/day WAF ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antidote (Aluminum) DAS ; Antidote (Lead) DAS ; Antihyperkinetic DAS ; Antihypertensive; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antimenopausal; Antiobesity PIL ; Antiosteoporotic 500-2,000 mg/day; Antiperiodontitic 750 mg/day WER ; AntiPMS 1 g/day; Antirheumatic 1,000 mg/day WAF ; Antistress 500-1,500 mg/day WAF ; Antitic DAS ; Anxiolytic; Calcium-Channel-Blocker NP6:1 ; Diuretic NP6:1 ; Hypocholesterolemic 500 mg/day WER ; Hypotensive 1 g/day WER ; Laxative 1,000-1,200 mg WAF ; Tranquilizer 500-1,500 mg/day WAF ; Vasodilator NP6:1
CAMPHENE Plant: GEO
Allelopathic CWW ; Antilithic? JBH ; Antioxidant JA6(4):33 ; Expectorant HH2 ; FLavor FEMA 15-175 ARC ; Hypocholesterolemic? JBH ; Insectifuge 382 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spasmogenic FT59:465
CAPROIC-ACID Plant: GEO
Irritant M&R503
CARVOMENTHONE Plant: HHB
No activity reported.
CARVONE Essential Oil: JAD Leaf 8,100 - 26,000 ppm JAD
Allergenic M&R683 ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC50=1.4-1.8 mM JAF45:677 ; Antiproliferative JNP65:953 ; Antiseptic 1.5 x phenol W&W ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidistat JNP65:953 ; Carminative JPP46:16 ; CNS-Stimulant DUKE1992B ; FLavor FEMA 80-3,000 ARC ; Fungistat JNP65:953 ; Insecticide 382 ; Insectifuge 382 ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative BVC:162 ; Trichomonicide LD100=300 ug/ml FT67:279 ; Vermicide DUKE1992B
CARYOPHYLLENE Plant: GEO
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor PJB1(3):238 ; Allergenic X16226832 ; Analgesic RAI ; Antiacne PJB1(3):238 ; Antiasthmatic LAF ; Antibacterial JAF40:2329 ; Anticariogenic MIC=>1,600 ug/ml JAF41:1103 ; Antidermatitic WO3 ; Antiedemic CPB38:2283 ; Antifeedant 500 ppm TOX ; Antiinflammatory IC50=100 uM CPB38:2283 ; Antileishmanic X180905647 ; Antionychyotic RAI ; Antiproliferant X16964395 ; Antispasmodic DUKE1992B ; Antistaphylococcic JAR10:7 ; Antistreptococcic PJB1(3):238 ; Antitumor JNP55:999 ; Antiulcer RAI ; Candidicide JAR10:7 ; FLavor FEMA 20-200 ARC ; Fungicide JAR10:7 ; Gastroprotective RAI ; Insectifuge; Irritant ZEB ; Larvicide X10701181 ; Mosquitocide X10701181 ; Perfumery M11 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative JAR10:7 ; Termitifuge 382
CHLOROPHYLL-A Tissue Culture: JAD
No activity reported.
CHLOROPHYLL-B Tissue Culture: JAD
No activity reported.
CINEOLE Leaf 40 - 1,785 ppm JAD
No activity reported.
CIS-ISOPULEGONE Leaf: JAD
No activity reported.
CIS-OCIMENE Essential Oil: JAD
Antibacterial CWW ; Antistaphylococcic CWW ; Fungicide CWW
COPPER Plant 20 ppm; SMO
Antianemic HYL ; Antiarthritic; Antidiabetic 2-4 mg/day WER ; Antifatigue HYL ; Antiinflammatory WER ; Antinociceptive WER ; Antiosteoporotic MPP ; Cardioprotective HYL ; Contraceptive MAR ; Hypocholesterolemic DAS ; Immunomodulator; Schizophrenigenic DAS
D-3-OCTANOL Plant: GEO
No activity reported.
DIOSMETIN-7-O-BETA-D-GLUCOSIDE Shoot: JAD
No activity reported.
DL-ISOMENTHONE Plant: GEO
No activity reported.
EO Plant: JAD 10,000 - 32,100 ppm HHB
No activity reported.
ETHYL-AMYL-CARBINOL Plant: GEO
No activity reported.
EUGENOL Essential Oil: JAD
Acaricide LD50=5.47 ug/sq cm cf DEET at 37.59 ug/sq cm; Allergenic M&R488 ; Analgesic M11 ; Anesthetic 200-400 PR4:93 ; Antiaggregant IC50=0.3 uM PR4:93 ; Antiarachidonate PJB1(2):269 ; Antibacterial 500 ppm VAL MBC=400 ug/ml JNP49:5750 ; Anticonvulsant JBH ; Antiedemic 100 PR4:95 ; Antiestrogenic X12495555 ; Antifeedant 382 ; Antigenotoxic 50-500 mg/kg orl mus X11313116 ; Antiherpetic IC50=16.2-25.6 ug/ml PR14:495 ; Antiinflammatory (11 uM) IC~97=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; Antikeratotic IC50=16.2-25.6 ug/ml PR14:495 ; Antimitotic JBH ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antinitrosating PCF-I:200 ; Antioxidant 10 uM HHM7:7 IC65=30 ppm PCF:219 ; Antiprostaglandin 11 uM PM186:1986 IC50=9.2 mM POP:150 ; Antipyretic 3 ml/man/day DUKE1992B ; Antiradicular EC50=2 ul/l PMP22:233 ; Antisalmonella MIC=400 ug/ml JNP49:5750 ; Antiseptic 3 ml/man/day DUKE1992B 400 ug/ml JNP49:5750 ; Antispasmodic LAF ; Antistaphylococcic CWW ; Antithromboxane LRN-JUL87 ; AntiTNF X10871845 ; Antitumor JNP55:999 ; Antiulcer FT71:S131 ; Antiviral IC50=16.2-25.6 ug/ml PR14:495 ; Apifuge 382 ; Calcium-Antagonist IC50=200 uM gpg J14432 IC50=224 uM LAB58 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidicide PR4:93 ; Carcinogenic? NIG ; Carminative JPP46:16 ; Choleretic X1242658 ; CNS-Depressant JBH ; COX-1-Inhibitor IC97=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; COX-2-Inhibitor IC50=129 uM JNP65:1517 IC>97=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; Cytochrome-P450-Inhibitor PIZ ; Cytotoxic 25 ug/ml PR4:93 ; Dermatitigenic M&R489 ; Enterorelaxant JAR4:22 ; FLavor FEMA 10-500 ARC ; Fungicide PMP23:60 ; Hepatoprotective 100 ppm TOX107:39 ; Herbicide PMP23:60 ; Insecticide; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant; Juvabional 382 ; Larvicide JE26:72 ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Nematicide MLC=2,000 ug/ml SZ44:183 ; Neurotoxic RJH ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor 1 mM rbt GPH27:629 IC50=9.2 uM; Sedative; Termiticide LD100=5 mg/g JAF50:1389 ; Trichomonicide LD100=300 ug/ml FT67:279 ; Trichomonistat IC50=10 ug/ml NIG ; Trypsin-Enhancer LRN-DEC93 ; Ulcerogenic PR4:93 ; Varroacide X10826162 ; Vasodilator PR14:495 ; Vermifuge DUKE1992B
FORMIC-ACID Plant: GEO
Acaricide X10826162 ; Antiseptic DUKE1992B ; Antisyncopic DUKE1992B ; Astringent M11 ; Corrosive ARC ; Counterirritant M11 ; FLavor FEMA 500-2,500 ARC ; Fungistat JBH ; Fungitoxic JBH ; Irritant M&R670 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Preservative ARC ; Toxic JBH
FURFURAL Plant 2 - 5 ppm GEO
Antiseptic LAF ; FLavor FEMA 1-30 ARC ; Fungicide DUKE1992B ; Insecticide DUKE1992B ; Irritant CAN ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
GAMMA-TERPINENE Essential Oil: JAD
Acaricide X11124373 ; ACE-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml (weak activity) K26575 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml TYK1992:95 ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC23=1.2 mM JAF45:677 ; Antifeedant HH3 ; Antioxidant JA6(4):33 ; FLavor FEMA 1-40 ARC ; Insectifuge HH3 ; Irritant ZEB ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
GERMACRENE-D Essential Oil: JAD
Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Pheromone DUKE1992B
HESPERIDIN Plant: HHB
Analgesic NSN1(5):21 ; Anti-LDL NSN1(5):21 ; Antiallergenic YAK111:193 ; Antibradykinic EMP5:366 ; Anticapillary-Fragility PJB1(1):177 ; AntiDNA DUKE1992B ; Antiflu EMP5:197 ; Antihistaminic JAF45:4505 ; Antiinflammatory IC47=50 mg/kg scu JPP46:118 IC63=100 mg/kg scu JPP46:118 ; Antileukotriene JAF45:4505 ; Antioxidant IC50=8 ppm PC37:1463 ; Antiprostaglandin JAF45:4505 ; AntiRNA DUKE1992B ; Antistomatitic DUKE1992B ; Antitriglyceride NSN1(5):21 ; Antiulcer 100-150 mg/kg ipr JNP67:359 ; Antivaccinia EMP5:197 ; Antiviral V&D ; Anxiolytic JNP67:359 ; Calcium-Antagonist IC50=1.2 uM rbt K16299 ; Capillariprotective M29 ; Catabolic AFR27:173 ; Choleretic DUKE1992B ; CNS-Depressant 100-150 mg/kg ipr JNP67:359 ; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor JAF45:4505 ; Hypolipidemic JAF45:4505 ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor JAF45:4505 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; ProHLDL NSN1(5):21 ; Vasopressor DUKE1992B
IRON Plant 400 ppm; SMO
Antiakathisic M29 ; Antianemic M29 ; Anticanker; Anticheilitic DAS ; Antimenorrhagic 100 mg/day/wmn/orl PAM ; Prooxidant PIL
ISOMENTHOL Essential Oil: JAD
Antiacetylcholinesterase IC29=1.2 mM JAF45:677
ISOPULEGOL Essential Oil: JAD
Antiacetylcholinesterase IC50=2.0 mM JAF45:677 ; FLavor FEMA 5-30 ARC ; Perfumery ARC
ISOPULEGONE Leaf 240 - 770 ppm JAD
FLavor FEMA 5-15 ARC ; Hepatotoxic EAHD1:153 ; Perfumery ARC ; Pulmonotoxic EAHD1:153
ISOVALERALDEHYDE Plant: GEO
FLavor FEMA 0.5-5 ARC
ISOVALERIC-ACID Plant 30 - 90 ppm GEO
FLavor FEMA 1-16 ARC ; Irritant ZEB ; Perfumery M11 ; Sedative; Tranquilizer KCH
KETONES Plant 336 - 1,008 ppm GEO
No activity reported.
L-MENTHOL Plant 373 - 29,515 ppm GEO JAD
Antiacetylcholinesterase IC38=164 ug/ml JAF46:3434 ; FLavor FEMA 35-1,200 ARC ; Perfumery 5,000-25,000 ARC
L-MENTHYL-ACETATE Plant 85 - 4,200 ppm AYL GEO
FLavor FEMA 5-25 ARC ; Perfumery ARC
LIMONENE Leaf: JAD
Acaricide LC100=8 uM JAF50:4586 ; AChE-Inhibitor 453 ; Allelochemic JAF45:3276 ; Allergenic 1/20th carene M&R521 ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC22-26=1.2 mM JAF45:677 ; Antiadenomic ACT13:64 ; Antialzheimeran? 453 ; Antiasthmatic X15598576 ; Antibacterial RIE12:5 ; Anticancer AEM401:131 ; Antiesophagitic ACT13:64 ; Antifeedant JAF45:3276 ; Antiflu EMP5:195 ; Antiinflammatory X15598576 ; Antilithic M29:1064 ; Antilymphomic X15778119 ; Antimetastatic (Stomach) ACT13:64 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antiobesity X15862904 ; Antiseptic JAF44:2802 ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.197 mg/ml FT59:465 ; Antitumor; Antitumor (Breast) AEM401:131 ; Antitumor (Colon) ACT13:64 ; Antitumor (Pancreas) AEM401:131 ; Antitumor (Prostate) AEM401:131 ; Antitumor (Stomach) ACT13:64 ; Antiviral; Apoptotic X14998133 ; Bronchoprotectant X15598576 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidistat JAF40:2330 ; Chemopreventive AEM401:131 ; Cholesterolytic X18072821 ; Detoxicant; Enterocontractant JAR4:22 ; Expectorant; FLavor PJB1(3):242 ; Fungiphilic JAF43:2283 ; Fungistat JAF40:2330 ; GST-Inducer X1438594 ; Herbicide IC50=45 uM TOX ; Histaminic X15862904 ; Immunomodulator X15778119 ; Insecticide 0.37 uM/fly; Insectifuge 382 ; Interleukin-6-Inhibitor X17867636 ; Irritant; Lipolytic X15862904 ; Myorelaxant 50 mg/kg X12587690 ; Nematicide IC=100 ug/ml NIG ; NO-Genic X15778119 ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor ~750 mg/kg (diet) BO2 ; Ozone-Scavenger X15598576 ; P450-Inducer; Peristaltic X18072821 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Photosensitizer RIN ; Sedative ED=1-32 mg/kg W&W ; Transdermal X7199340
LINALOL Leaf: JAD
No activity reported.
LINALOL-ACETATE Leaf 690 - 2,215 ppm JAD
No activity reported.
LUTEOLIN Shoot: JAD
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor EC=3 ppm FT64:131 IC50=0.45 uM rat; Antiallergic X11216484 ; Antiangiogenic IC60-75=10 uM; Antiatherogenic X11216484 ; Antibacterial MIC=500 ug/ml PM57:A43 ; Anticarcinogenic JAF48:235 ; Anticarcinomic AJC31:37 ; Anticataract EC=3 ppm FT64:131 ; Anticomplementary MSC'96 ; Antidermatic BIS ; Antiestrogenic X12224631 ; Antifeedant IC52=<1,000 ppm diet 438 ; Antiherpetic 11-23 ug/ml; Antihistaminic <10-15 uM; AntiHIV JNP60(9):884 ; Antiinflammatory =indomethacin WIC ; Antileukemic 20-50 uM; Antilymphomic AJC31:37 ; Antimelanomic AJC31:37 ; Antimutagenic ID50=0.44 ug/ml X14586095 ID50=2-5 nM; Antinociceptive PR14:401 ; Antioxidant IC50=10 uM; Antipolio EMP5:197 ; Antiproliferant X12224631 ; Antispasmodic 411 ; Antitumor 1-50 uM; Antitumor (brain) AJC31:37 ; Antitumor (Colon) AJC31:37 ; Antitumor (Kidney) AJC31:37 ; Antitumor (Lung) AJC31:37 ; Antitumor (Ovary) AJC31:37 ; Antitumor (Pancreas) AJC31:37 ; Antitumor (Skin) 20 uM BO2 ; Antitumor (Stomach) AJC31:37 ; Antitumor (Thyroid) 12-50 uM BO2 ; Antitussive DUKE1992B ; Antiviral 11-23 ug/ml; Aphidifuge JAF45:4505 ; Apoptotic 12-50 uM BO2 ; Aromatase-Inhibitor IC35=1 uM/l JMF2:235 ; Beta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor IC50=~40 uM BO2 ; Calcium-Antagonist IC50=1.2 uM rbt K16299 ; Cancer-Preventive; Chemopreventive X11216484 ; Choleretic DUKE1992B ; Cytotoxic 1-50 uM BO2 ; Deiodinase-Inhibitor JNM1:10 ; Differentiator IC>40=40 uM BO2 ; Diuretic PT5:1986 ; Estrogenic 58% genistein; Hepatoprotective FT66:400 ; Hyaluronidase-Inhibitor IC50+=100-250 uM BO2 ; Hypocholesterolemic JAC9:158 ; ICAM-1-Inhibitor X15322261 ; IKK-Inhibitor X15322261 ; iNOS-Inhibitor X15102332 ; Iodothyronine-Deiodinase-Inhibitor JBH ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor JAF49:3106 ; MAPK-Inhibitor X15322261 ; Metalloproteinase-Inhibitor X10723772 ; MMP-9-Inhibitor 20 uM BO2 ; Myorelaxant AYL-84 ; NEP-Inhibitor IC50=>42 uM X10723772 ; NF-kB-Inhibitor; NO-Inhibitor X15102332 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Proliferant X12224631 ; Prostaglandin-Synthetase-Inhibitor JAF49:3106 ; Protein-Kinase-C-Inhibitor IC70=50 uM BO2 ; PTK-Inhibitor 10-100 uM; Succinoxidase-Inhibitor JBH ; TNF-alpha-Inhibitor IC50=14.44 uM JMF6:365 ; Topoisomerase-I-Inhibitor TIH14:223 ; Vasodilator JAFC48:220 ; VEGF-Inhibitor IC50=2-7 uM; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC50=0.11 ug/ml CPB38:1772
MAGNESIUM Plant 2,830 ppm; SMO
Antiaggregant 400 mg/day; Antialcoholic PIL ; Antianginal WER ; Antianorectic DAS ; Antianxiety WER ; Antiarrhythmic; Antiarthritic DAS ; Antiasthmatic PAM ; Antiatherosclerotic; Anticephalagic PIL ; AntiCFS PIL ; Anticlimacteric 500-750 mg/day; Anticonvulsant FAC ; Anticoronary 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antidiabetic 400-800 mg/man/day; Antidysmenorrheic 100 mg 4 x/day WER ; Antiendometriotic 500 mg/day WAF ; Antienterotic KEN ; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day; Antifatigue KEN ; Antifibromyalgic 200-300 mg 3x/day; Antigastrotic KEN ; Antiglaucomic ABEL1999 ; Antihyperkinetic DAS ; Antihypertensive NP6:1 ; Antihypoglycemic DAS ; Antiinflammatory 100 mg 4 x/day WER ; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antilithic PAM ; AntiLyme 400-1,000 mg; Antimastalgic PAM ; Antimenopausal 500-750 mg/day; Antimigraine 200 mg/day/man WER ; Antimitral-valve-prolapse PIL ; AntiMS; Antinephrolytic; Antineurotic DAS ; Antiosteoporotic 500-1,000 mg/day/wmn/orl; Antiplaque 500-1,000 mg/day WAF ; AntiPMS 400-800 mg/day/wmn orl 400-800 mg/day/wmn/orl; AntiRaynaud's 280-350 mg/day WAF ; Antiretinopathic 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Antispasmodic PIL ; Antispasmophilic 500 mg/day WER ; Antistress 500-750 mg/day WAF ; Antistroke 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Antisyndrome-X 400 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Anxiolytic 500-750 mg/day; Calcium-Antagonist; Cardioprotective PIL ; CNS-Depressant FAC ; Diuretic NP6:1 ; Hypocholesterolemic 400 mg/day WER ; Hypotensive 260-500 mg/day; Immunomodulator KEN ; Insulinogenic 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Laxative 300-500 mg/day; Litholytic PIL ; Myorelaxant 100 mg 4 x/day WER ; Neurotransmitter; Tranquilizer 500-750 mg/day WAF ; Uterorelaxant 100 mg 4 x/day WER ; Vasodilator
MANGANESE Plant 44 ppm; SMO
Antialcoholic FHN ; Antianemic MAR ; Antiarthritic PIL ; Antidiabetic 10-30 mg/man/day 3-5 mg/day WER ; Antidiscotic DAS ; Antidyskinetic MAR ; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day WER ; Antiosteoporotic; Antiototic DAS ; Antioxidant PIL ; AntiPMS PIL ; Antisyndrome-X 10-30 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Hypoglycemic
MENTHOFURAN Plant 4,200 - 12,600 ppm AYL HHB
Calcium-Antagonist IC50=441 uM gpg (weak activity) K29404 ; Hepatotoxic LRN-JAN92 ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Pulmonotoxic AEH
MENTHOFUROLACTONE Plant: HHB
No activity reported.
MENTHOL Leaf 66 - 25,650 ppm HHB JAD
Allergenic M29 ; Analgesic MAR ; Anesthetic 2,000 ppm JPP46:16 ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC50=2.0 mM JAF45:677 ; Antiaggregant IC50=750 TR42:511 ; Antiallergic JFH33(6):569 ; Antiasthmatic MAB ; Antibacillus MIC=1.25 mg/ml X12083863 ; Antibacterial MIC=0.625-2.5; Antibronchitic MAR ; Antidandruff ALH ; Antiescherichic MIC=1.25 mg/ml X12083863 ; Antihalitosic AH12(4):17 ; Antihistaminic JFH33(6):569 ; Antiinflammatory MAR ; Antilisteria MIC=0.625 mg/ml X12083863 ; Antineuralgic; Antiodontalgic MAR ; Antipruritic JPP46:16 ; Antipyretic PJB1(1):180 ; Antirheumatic MAR ; Antisalmonella X12083863 ; Antiseptic 4 x phenol W&W ; Antisinusitic MAR ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.01 mg/ml FT59:465 ; Antistaphylococcic MIC=0.625 mg/ml X12083863 ; Antistreptococcic MIC=0.4 mg/ml X12083863 ; Antitartar X12537346 ; Antivaginitic FEL ; Antivulvitic FEL ; Bradycardic 65 mg/3 x day/woman MAR ; Bronchomucolytic ACM:200 ; Bronchomucotropic JPP46:16 ; Bronchorrheic ACM:200 ; Calcium-Antagonist; Candidicide MIC=0.625 mg/ml X12083863 ; Carminative JPP46:16 ; Choleretic X1242658 ; Ciliotoxic JPP46:16 ; CNS-Depressant DUKE1992B ; CNS-Stimulant KCH ; Congestant JPP46:16 ; Convulsant RJH ; Counterirritant DUKE1992B ; Decongestant? 11 mg/man JPP42:652 ; Dermatitigenic M&R654 ; Diaphoretic KCH ; Enterorelaxant JAR4:22 ; Expectorant JPP46:16 ; Gastrosedative M11 ; Irritant JPP46:16 ; Myorelaxant M29 ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Neurodepressant JPP46:16 ; Neuropathogenic 40-100 mg/day/rat JPP46:16 ; Nociceptive JPP46:16 ; Perfumery M11 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Refrigerant JPP46:16 ; Rubefacient DUKE1992B ; Termiticide 382 ; Transdermal X14703969 ; Vibriocide DUKE1992B
MENTHOL-ACETATE Leaf 10 - 2,215 ppm JAD
No activity reported.
MENTHONE Leaf 250 - 25,680 ppm GEO JAD Plant 71 - 24,000 ppm BML JAD
Acaricide X11124373 ; Allelopathic X12083883 ; Analgesic DUKE1992B ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC50=1.4 mM JAF45:677 ; Antiaggregant IC50=750 TR42:511 ; Antiallergic JFH33(6):569 ; Antibacillary MIC=1.25 mg/ml X12083863 ; Antibacterial MIC=0.625-5 mg/ml X12083863 ; Antiescherichic MIC=5 mg/ml X12083863 ; Antihistaminic JFH33(6):569 ; Antilisteria MIC=1.25 mg/ml X12083863 ; Antisalmonella MIC=5 mg/ml X12083863 ; Antiseptic 2.25 x phenol W&W ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.044 mg/ml FT59:465 ; Antistaphylococcic MIC=0.625-2.5 mg/ml X12083863 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidicide MIC=2.5 mg/ml X12083863 ; Cerebrotoxic orl man JAR4:24 ; Culicide LC50=156-194 mg/l X11997977 ; FLavor FEMA 5-50 ARC ; Fungicide X12083883 ; Insecticide LC50=156-194 mg/l X11997977 ; Larvicide X11997977 ; Mutagenic AEHD1:176 ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Psychoactive X12083883 ; Sedative JE25:165 ; Trichomonicide LD100=600 ug/ml FT67:279
MENTHONONE Plant: CCO
No activity reported.
MYRCENE Leaf 10 - 2,485 ppm JAD
ACE-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml K26575 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor TYK1992:95 ; Allergenic M&R154 ; Analgesic EMM18:28 ; Antibacterial DUKE1992B ; Anticonvulsant X11085358 ; Antimutagenic EMM18:28 ; Antinitrosaminic X10606544 ; Antinociceptive 10-20 mg/kg ipr mus JPP42:877 20-40 mg/kg scu mus JPP42:877 ; Antioxidant JA6(4):33 ; Antispasmodic PM&T20:213.1986 ; Chemopreventive 525 ; FLavor FEMA 0.5-9 ARC ; Fungicide TOX ; Hypothermic X11085358 ; Insectifuge DUKE1992B ; Irritant ZEB ; Myorelaxant 100-200 mg/kg X12587690 ; P450-2B1-Inhibitor IC50=0.14 uM X9242356 ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
NEOISOMENTHOL Essential Oil: JAD
No activity reported.
NEOISOPULEGONE Essential Oil: JAD
No activity reported.
OCTAN-3-OL Leaf 10,200 ppm; JAD
No activity reported.
P-CYMENE Leaf 9 - 29 ppm JAD
Analgesic MAR ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC40=1.2 mM JAF45:677 ; Antibacillary X10826719 ; Antibacterial JE26:74 ; Antiflu DUKE1992B ; Antirheumatalgic MAR ; Antiviral DUKE1992B ; FLavor FEMA 12-250 ARC ; Fungicide TOX ; Herbicide IC50=50 uM TOX ; Insectifuge HH3 ; Irritant ZEB ; Laxative ZEB ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative ZEB ; Trichomonicide LD100=50 ug/ml FT67:279
P-CYMOL Leaf 562 - 1,800 ppm JAD
No activity reported.
P-MENTHAN-TRANS-2,5-DIOL Plant: HHB
No activity reported.
PIPERITENONE Plant: CCO
Antiacetylcholinesterase IC50=110 ug/ml JAF46:3434 ; Perfumery ARC ; Toxic 10,000/man ARC
PIPERITENONE-OXIDE Leaf 260 - 7,320 ppm JAD
Insecticide JEO4:57 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
PIPERITONE Leaf 13 - 1,285 ppm GEO JAD 240 - 7,700 ppm JAD
Antiasthmatic DUKE1992B ; FLavor FEMA 1-2 ARC ; Herbicide IC50=30 mM 438 IC50=75 uM TOX ; Insectifuge (> DEET) JNP56:935 ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
PIPERITONE-OXIDE Leaf 320 - 5,135 ppm JAD Plant: HHB
No activity reported.
POTASSIUM Plant 35,100 ppm; SMO
Angiotensin-Receptor-Blocker NP6:1 ; Antiarrhythmic DAS ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antifatigue DAS ; Antihypertensive; Antispasmodic DAS ; Antistroke; Anxiolytic WAF ; Beta-Blocker NP6:1 ; Cardioprotective 3,000-5,000 mg PIL ; Cardiotoxic 18,000 mg/man/day DUKE1992B ; Diuretic NP6:1 ; Hypotensive; Vasodilator NP6:1
PULEGONE Plant 100 - 24,960 ppm BML HHB
AChE-Inhibitor 453 ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC50=0.9 mM JAF45:677 IC50=136 ug/ml JAF46:3434 ; Antialzheimeran? 453 ; Antibacterial PM57:347 ; Anticholinesterase 453 ; Antihistaminic JPP42:295 ; Antipyretic JE25:165.1989 ; Avifuge DUKE1992B ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidicide PM57:347 ; Cerebrotoxic orl man JAR4:24 ; Encephalopathic 80 mg/kg orl rat LRN-JAN92 ; FLavor FEMA 5-30 ARC ; Fungicide PM57:347 ; Glutathionalytic LRN-JAN92 ; Hallucinogenic RJH ; Hepatotoxic PM56(2):226 ; Herbicide IC50=1.5 uM TOX ; Insecticide 453 ; Insectifuge DUKE1992B ; Nephrotoxic RJH ; Neurotoxic; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Pulifuge DUKE1992B ; Pulmonotoxic; Sedative JE25:165.1989
RAFFINOSE Plant: AYL
Flatugenic PFH46:77
RESIN Plant: AYL
No activity reported.
ROSMARINIC-ACID Leaf 71 - 228 ppm AYL JAD Plant 28,000 ppm; FT62:166
ABeta-Inhibitor X16495207 ; Adenylate-Cyclase-Inhibitor CPB37:1287 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor X16249088 ; Antiaggregant LAF ; Antiallergic BPB24:1206 ; Antialzheimeran X16524383 ; Antianaphylactic 1-100 mg/kg orl IJI10:729 ID50=1 mg/kg ivn rat DUKE1992B ID50=10 mg/kg ims rat DUKE1992B ; Antiatherosclerotic IC50=0.74 uM JAF45:578 ; Antibacterial PM55:663 ; Anticoagulant LAF ; Anticomplementary 1/2 aspirin 20 mg/kg ivn CAN ; Antidepressant X11917505 ; Antiedemic 0.316-3.16 mg/kg ims IJI10:729 ; Antigonadotropic; Antihemolytic IC70=5-10 um/l IJI10:729 ; Antihepatotoxic PM56:173 ; Antiherpetic 50 ug/ml V&D EC50=20 ug/ml POP:270 ; AntiHIV EC50=40 ug/ml POP:270 ; Antihyperthyroid X6724503 ; Antiinflammatory IC~58=1,000 uM; Antiintegrase 10 ug/ml; Antileukotriene DUKE1992B ; Antilipoperoxidant PM56:173 ; Antimutagenic X16536576 ; Antinephritic JNP59:843 ; Antioxidant 10 uM PHM7:7 EC50=2.7 ug/ml FT62:170 ; Antioxidant (LDL) IC50=0.74 uM JAF45:578 ; Antiplaque X16524383 ; Antiproliferant X11270716 ; Antiprostaglandin 20 mg/kg ivn CAN ; Antiproteolytic IC50=0.9 mol l HH2 ; Antipulmonotic VET94 ; Antiradicular PM56:173 ; Antishock IJI10:735 ; Antithyreotropic DUKE1992B ; Antithyroid JNM1:10 ; Antiuremic JNP59:843 ; Antiviral EC50=40 ug/ml; Anxiolytic X11917505 ; Apoptotic X16534555 ; Calcium-Antagonist IC50=1.2 uM rbt K16299 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; COX-1-Inhibitor IC58=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; COX-2-Inhibitor IC>58=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; Cytotoxic TC50=100-150 ug/ml POP:270 ; Deiodinase-Inhibitor JNM1:10 ; Immunomodulator JAF50:5878 ; Immunostimulant PPL7:187 ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor JAF46:4545 ; Neuroprotective X16495207 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Radioprotective X16536576
SABINENE-HYDRATE Leaf 30 - 160 ppm JAD
No activity reported.
SANTENE Plant: HHB
No activity reported.
SH Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
SODIUM Plant 860 ppm; SMO
Hypertensive DAS
STACHYOSE Plant: AYL
Flatugenic PFH46:77
TANNIN Plant: AYL
Anthelmintic JNP59:205 ; Antibacterial JE26:74 ; Anticancer JAF47:397 ; Anticariogenic JNP59:205 ; Antidiarrheic DUKE1992B ; Antidysenteric DUKE1992B ; Antihepatotoxic JNP59:205 ; AntiHIV JNP59:205 ; Antihypertensive JNP59:205 ; Antilipolytic JNP59:205 ; Antimutagenic DUKE1992B ; Antinephritic CPB38:1049 ; Antiophidic EMP5:363 ; Antioxidant 1/3 quercetin JAF47:397 IC50=1.44 ug/ml CPB38:1051 ; Antiradicular 1/3 quercetin JAF47:397 500 mg/kg/day orl mus CPB38:1049 ; Antirenitic CPB38:1049 ; Antitumor; Antitumor-Promoter JAF47:397 ; Antiulcer JNP59:205 ; Antiviral; Cancer-Preventive HG22:14 ; Carcinogenic AHP156 ; Chelator JNP59:205 ; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Glucosyl-Transferase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Immunosuppressant RWG29 ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; MAO-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Psychotropic CPB38:1049 ; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor JNP59:205
THUJONE Plant: HHB
Abortifacient CAN ; Anthelmintic JBH ; Antibacterial JEO7:271 ; Antiseptic CAN ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.127 mg/ml FT59:465 ; Cerebrodepressant DUKE1992B ; Convulsant 40 mg/kg RJH ; Counterirritant JBH ; Emmenagogue CAN ; Epileptigenic DUKE1992B ; Hallucinogenic DUKE1992B ; Herbicide IC50=22 mM 438 ; Neurotoxic ARO95:24 ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Respirainhibitor DUKE1992B ; Toxic ARC
TRANS-ISOPULEGONE Leaf: JAD
No activity reported.
TRANS-OCIMENE Essential Oil: JAD
No activity reported.
ZINC Plant 28 ppm; SMO
ACE-Inhibitor NP6:1 ; Analgesic TEI ; Antiacne 135 mg/day; Antiacrodermatitic 8-34 mg/day/orl/chd M29 ; Antialcoholic; Antialopecic DAS ; Antialzheimeran 50 mg/day WER ; Antiangiogenic X16606632 ; Antianorexic M29 ; Antiarthritic 50 mg/3x/day/orl/man; AntiBPH 25-60 mg/day; Anticanker 100 mg/day WER ; Anticataract 30 mg/day WER ; Anticoeliac MAR ; Anticold 50 mg DAS ; Anticolitic DAS ; Anticoronary 30 mg/day SYN-X ; AntiCrohn's DAS ; Antidandruff DAS ; Antidementia PIL ; Antidiabetic SYN-X ; Antidote (Cadmium) LL-MAY89 ; Antidysgeuzic WRI ; Antieczemic 150 mg/day WER ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antiepileptic 100 mg/day WER ; Antifibrotic 30 mg WAF ; Antifuruncular 45 mg/3x/day/man MAR ; Antihangover 15 mg WAF ; Antiherpetic? 25-60 mg/day; AntiHIV PMM ; Antiimpotence M29 ; Antiinfective 50 mg/day WER ; Antiinfertility 60 mg/day WER ; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antilepric M29 ; Antileukonychic MTM ; Antilymphomic X16762953 ; Antimaculitic PIL ; Antimetastatic X16606632 ; Antineuropathic TEI ; Antinyctalopic WRI ; Antiobesity 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antiosteoporotic; Antiperiodontitic MPP ; Antiplaque M29 ; Antiprolactin PAM ; Antiprostatitic 50 mg/man/day/orl PAM ; Antirheumatic DAS ; Antiseptic 50 mg/day WER ; Antispare-Tire 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antistomatitic 50 mg/man/3x/day MAR ; Antisyndrome-X 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antitinnitic 60-120 mg/day WER ; Antitriglyceride 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antiulcer 50 mg/3x/day/man MAR 88 mg/rat/day/15 days PIL ; Antiviral? M29 ; Astringent MAR ; Collagenic PIL ; Copper-Antagonist SYN-X ; Deodorant M29 ; Detoxicant (Alcohol) PIL ; Ergogenic PIL ; Hypotensive 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Immunomodulator PIL ; Immunostimulant DAS ; Immunosuppressant 300 mg/day/6 wks/orl/man M29 ; Insulinogenic 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Leptingenic 30-60 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Mucogenic JPP42:657 ; NF-kB-Inhibitor X16606632 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spermigenic 60 mg/day WER ; Testosteronigenic WER ; Trichomonicide M29 ; Vulnerary MAR
The source of the experience
Dr Dukes plant databaseConcepts, symbols and science items
Concepts
Symbols
Science Items
Activities and commonsteps
Commonsteps
References
382: Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.
411: Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.
438: Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.
453: Grundy, D. L. and Still, C. C., Inhibition of acetylcholinesterases by pulegone-1,2-epoxide, Oest. Biochem. & Physiol., 23, 1985, 383-8.
525: Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.
ABEL1999: Jim Duke's personal files
ACM:200: Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 200.
ACT13:64: Jim Duke's personal files
AEH: De Smet, P.A.G.M., Keller, K., Hansel, R. and Chandler, R.F., eds. 1993. Adverse Effects of Herbal Drugs 2. Springr-Verlag, Berlin. 348pp.
AEHD1:176: Jim Duke's personal files
AEM401:131: Jim Duke's personal files
AFR27:173: Jim Duke's personal files
AH12(4):17: American Health, 12(4): 17, 1993.
AHP156: Jim Duke's personal files
AJC31:37: Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med, 31(1):37-46.
ALH: A.L.L. Hunting. Encyclopedia of Shampoo Ingredients. Micelle Press, Cranford NJ. 467 pp.
ARC: Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry Note: Most ARC numerical data were in mg/dl. I know of no other plant where zinc is more prevalent than other minerals and protein. These data should be viewed as suspect.
ARO95:24: Jim Duke's personal files
AYL: Leung, A.Y., Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980.
AYL-84: Jim Duke's personal files
BIS: Bisset, N.G., ed. 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 566 pp. Note: English translation of Wichtl, 1984,1989).
BML: Lawrence, B.M., Essential Oils 1976-1977, Essential Oils 1978, Essential Oils 1979-1980. Note: Three annual compilations on essential oils. Percentages multiplied by 250-10,000 ppm and rounded to get fresh and dry weights.
BO2: Jim Duke's personal files
BPB24:1206: Jim Duke's personal files
BVC:162: Buchbauer et al, e.g.Buchbauer et al,1993.Therapeutic properties of essential oils and fragrances. Chap.12 in Teranishi,R, Buttery,R.G and Sugisawa,H. Eds. Bioactive Volatile Compounds from Plants. ACS Symposium Series 525. Amer. Chem. Soc., Washington DC
CAN: Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.
CCO: Chemical Constituents of Oriental Herbs (3 diff. books)
CPB37:1287: Jim Duke's personal files
CPB38:1049: Uchida, U., Ohta, H., Niwa, M., Mori, A., Nonaka, G-i., Nishioka, I., and Zaki, M. 1989. Prolongation of Life Span of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRSP) Ingesting Persimmon Tannin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(4): 1049-1052, 1990.
CPB38:1051: Jim Duke's personal files
CPB38:1772: Chem. & Pharm. Bull. 38: 1772.
CPB38:2283: Shimizu,*M., et al. 1990. Anti-inflammatory Constituents of Topically Applied Crude Drugs. IV.1) Constituents and Anti-inflammatory Effect of Paraguayan Crude Drug "Alhucema" (Lavandula latifolia Vill.)2). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(8): 2283-2284, 1990.
CWW: Wright,C.W.(Ed)2002.Medicinal&Aromatic Plants-Industrial Profiles.Artemisia.344pp.Maffei,M.(Ed)2002.Vetiveria.The Genus Vetiveria.Taylor&Francis.NY,NY.191pp.Southwell,I.,Lowe,R.(Eds)1999.Tea Tree.The Genus Melaleuca.Harwood Acad.Pub.Amsterdam,Netherlands.
DAS: Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
DUKE1992A: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.
DUKE1992B: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their activities. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.
EAHD1:153: Jim Duke's personal files
EJP331:253: Jim Duke's personal files
EMM18:28: Kauderer, B., Zamith, H., Paumgartten, F.J.R., and Speit, G. Evaluation of the Mutagenicity of B-Myrcene in Mammalian Cells In Vitro. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 18: 28-34, 1991.
EMP5:195: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 195.
EMP5:197: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 197.
EMP5:363: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 363.
EMP5:366: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 366.
EMP6:235: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.
FAC: Facciola, S. 1998. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, Vista CA. 713 pp.
FEL: Jim Duke's personal files
FHN: Forest H. Nielsen, USDA, Grand Forks, various publications.
FT59:465: Fitoterapia No.59-1984.
FT62:166: Fitoterapia No.62: 166.
FT62:170: Parveen, N. 1991. Antifilarial Activity of Vitex negundo Against Setaria cervi. Fitoterapia, 62(2): 163, 1991.
FT63(1):3: Jim Duke's personal files
FT64:131: Shin*, K.H., Chung, M.S., Chae, Y.J., Yoon, K.Y., Cho, T.S. 1992. A survey for aldose reductase inhibition of herbal medicines. Fitoterapia 64(2): 130, 1993.
FT66:400: Jim Duke's personal files
FT67:279: Jim Duke's personal files
FT71:S131: Jim Duke's personal files
GEO: Guenther, E., The Essential Oils, 6 volumes, D. van Nostrand, New York, 1948-1952.
GPH27:629: Chen, S. J., Wang, M. H., Chen, I. J. 1996. Antiplatelet and Calcium Inhibitory Properties of Eugenol and Sodium Eugenol Acetate. Gen Pharmacol, 27(4): 629-633.
HG20:9: HerbalGram No. 20, page 9.
HG22:14: HerbalGram No. 22 - Spring 1990, page 14.
HH2: Hansel, R., Keller, K., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1992. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Drogen (A-D), 1209 pp., 1993 (E-O), 970 pp., 1994 (P-Z), 1196 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
HH3: Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
HHB: List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.
HHM7:7: Jim Duke's personal files
HYL: Jim Duke's personal files
IJI10:729: Int. J. Immunopharmacology. Vol 10: 729, 1988.
IJI10:735: Int. J. Immunopharmacology. Vol 10: 735, 1988.
J14432: Jim Duke's personal files
JA6(4):33: Jim Duke's personal files.
JAC9:158: Jim Duke's personal files
JAD: Duke, J. A. Writeups or information summaries on approximately 2,000 economic plants, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705.
JAF40:2329: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF40:2330: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF41:1103: Muroi, H. and Kubo, I. 1993. Combination Effects of Antibacterial Compounds in Green Tea Flavor against Streptococcus mutans. J. Agric. Food Chem. 41: 1102-1105.
JAF43:2283: J. Agric. Food Chem. 43: 2283.
JAF44:2802: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF45:3276: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF45:4505: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF45:578: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF45:677: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF46:1268: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF46:3434: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF46:4545: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF47:397: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF47:4574: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF48:235: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF49:3106: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:1389: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:4576: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:4586: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:5878: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF52:2507: Jim Duke's personal files
JAFC48:220: Jim Duke's personal files
JAR10:7: Jim Duke's personal files
JAR12:99: Jim Duke's personal files
JAR4:22: J. Aromatherapy 4: 22.
JAR4:24: J. Aromatherapy 4: 24.
JAR8:2: Jim Duke's personal files
JBH: Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
JE25:165: Ortiz de Urbina, A.V., Martin*, M.L., Montero, M.J., Moran, A., and San Roman, L. 1988. Sedating and Antipyretic Activity of the Essential Oil of Calamintha sylvatica subsp. Ascendens. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 25: 165-171, 1989.
JE25:165.1989: Jim Duke's personal files
JE26:72: Jim Duke's personal files
JE26:74: Jim Duke's personal files
JEO4:57: Shah, G.C., Bhandari, R. & Mathela, C.S. 1992. 1,2-Epoxy-p-Menthane Derivatives from some Labiatae Species. J. Ess. Oil Res. 4: 57-59.
JEO7:271: J. Ess. Oil Res. 7: 271.
JFH33(6):569: J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jap. 33(6): 569.
JMF2:235: Journal of Medicinal Food 2: 235.1999.
JMF6:365: Jim Duke's personal files
JNM1:10: Jim Duke's personal files.
JNP49:5750: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP55:999: Zheng, G-Q., Kenney, P.M., and Lam, L.K.T. Sesquiterpenes From Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) As Potential Anticarcinogenic Agents. Journal of Natural Products 55(7): 999-1003, 1992.
JNP56:935: Bowers, W.S., Ortego, F., You, X., and Evans, P.H. Insect Repellents From The Chinese Prickly Ash Zanthoxylum bungeanum. Journal of Natural Products, 56(6): 935-938, 1993.
JNP59:205: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP59:823: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP59:843: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP60(9):884: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP65:1517: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP65:953: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP67:359: Jim Duke's personal files
JPP42:295: Ortiz De Urbina, A.V., Martin, M.L., Montero, M.J., Carron, R., Sevilla, M.A., San Roman, L. 1989. Antihistaminic activity of pulegone on the guinea-pig ileum. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 295-296, 1990.
JPP42:652: Eccles, R., et al. 1989. The effects of oral administration of (-)-menthol on nasal resistance to airflow and nasal sensation of airflow in subjects suffering from nasal congestion associated with the common cold. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 652-654, 1990.
JPP42:657: Li, K.M. Effect of zinc sulphate on acetic acid-induced gastric ulceration in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 657-659, 1990.
JPP42:877: Rao, V.S.N., Menezes, A.M.S., Viana, G.S.B. 1990. Effect of myrcene on nociception in mice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 877-878, 1990.
JPP46:118: Da Silva Emim, J.A., Oliveira, A.B. and Lapa, A.J. Pharmacological Evaluation of the Anti-inflammatory Activity of a Citrus Bioflavonoid, Hesperidin, and the Isoflavonoids, Duartin and Claussequinone, in Rats and Mice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46:118-122,1994
JPP46:16: Yamamoto, A., Umemori, S., and Muranishi, S. 1993. Absorption Enhancement of Intrapulmonary Administered Insulin by Various Absorption Enhancers and Protease Inhibitors in Rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46: 14-18, 1994.
JSPR22:141: J. Stored. Prod. Res., 22:141, 1986.
K16299: Jim Duke's personal files
K26575: Jim Duke's personal files
K29404: Jim Duke's personal files
KCH: Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.
KEN: Jim Duke's personal files
LAB58: Jim Duke's personal files
LAF: Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.
LAF337: Jim Duke's personal files
LGR: L. Gracza (1985) as cited by Buchbauer re antiacetylcholinesterase.
LL-MAY89: Let's Live, May 1989.
LRN-DEC93: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Dec-93.
LRN-JAN92: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Jan-92.
LRN-JUL87: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Jul-87.
LRN-JUN90: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Jun-90.
M&R154: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R367: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R486: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R488: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R489: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R503: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R521: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R523: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R618: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R654: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R670: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R683: Jim Duke's personal files
M11: Merck 11th Edition
M29: Martindale's 29th
M29:1064: Jim Duke's personal files
MAB: Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.
MAR: Martindale's 28th
MED'95: Jim Duke's personal files
MIK: Michael Castleman 1991. The Healing Herbs. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA 436 pp.
MPP: Jim Duke's personal files
MSC'96: Jim Duke's personal files
MTM: Jim Duke's personal files
NIG: Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.
NP6:1: Jim Duke's personal files
NSN1(5):21: Jim Duke's personal files
PAM: Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
PC37:1463: Phytochemistry, 37: 1463.
PCF-I:200: Jim Duke's personal files
PCF:219: Jim Duke's personal files
PFH46:77: Singh, J., Gupta, K., and Arora, S.K. 1993. Changes in the anti-nutritional factors of developing seeds and pod walls of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.). Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 46: 77-84, 1994.
PHM7:7: Jim Duke's personal files
PIL: Jim Duke's personal files
PIZ: Pizzorno, J. 1998. Total Wellness. Prima Health, a division of Prima.
PJB1(1):177: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(1):180: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(2):261: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(2):269: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(3):238: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(3):242: Jim Duke's personal files
PM&T20:213.1986: Jim Duke's personal files.
PM186:1986: Jim Duke's personal files
PM55:663: Planta Medica, 55: 663.
PM56(2):226: Lewis, E.J. and Friedrich, E.C. 1989. The Essential Oil of Poliomintha incana. Planta Medica 56(2): 224-226, 1990.
PM56:173: Jim Duke's personal files
PM57:347: Economou, D., and Nahrstedt, A. 1991. Chemical, Physiological, and Toxicological Aspects of the Essential Oil of Some Species of the Genus Bystropogon*. Planta Medica, 57: 347, 1991.
PM57:A43: Planta Medica, 57: A43, 1991.
PMM: Jim Duke's personal files
PMP22:233: Jim Duke's personal files
PMP23:60: Jim Duke's personal files
POP:150: Jim Duke's personal files
POP:270: Jim Duke's personal files
PPL7:187: Jim Duke's personal files
PR14:240: Jim Duke's personal files
PR14:401: Jim Duke's personal files
PR14:495: Jim Duke's personal files
PR4:93: Phytotherapy Research, 4: 93.
PR4:95: Phytotherapy Research, 4: 95.
PT5:1986: Jim Duke's personal files.
RAF: Jim Duke's personal files
RAI: Taylor, Leslie. 2005. The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs. SquareOne Publisher, Garden City Park, NY. 519 pp.
RIE12:5: Revista Itiliana Eppos, 12: 5, 1994.
RIN: Rinzler, C. A. 1990. The Complete Book of Herbs, Spices and Condiments. Facts on File, New York. 199 pp.
RJH: R.J. Hixtable (Huxtable, R.J. (as T. Max). 1992. This and That:The Essential Pharmacology of Herbs and Spices. Tips 13:15-20 Huxtable, R.J. 1992b. The Myth of Benficent Nature. The Risk of Herbal Preparations. Anns. Intern. Med. 117(2):165-6; Huxtable, R.
RWG29: Jim Duke's personal files
SHT158: Jim Duke's personal files
SMO: Suziki, A., Morimoto, I., and Okitzu, T., Elution of Metals from Crude Drugs, Shoykugaku Zasshi 36(3):190-195.
SYN-X: Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
SZ44:183: Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 44: 183.
TEI: Jim Duke's personal files
TIH14:223: Santti, R., Makela, S., Strauss, L., Korman, J., Kostian, M. L. 1998. Phytoestrogens: Potential Endocrine Disruptors in Males. Toxicol Ind Health, 14: 223-237.
TOX: Keeler, R.F. and Tu, A.T. eds. 1991. Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds. (Handbook of Natural Toxins Vol. 6) Marcel Dekker, Inc. NY. 665 pp.
TOX107:39: Jim Duke's personal files
TR42:511: Jim Duke's personal files
TYK1992:95: Okamura, K., Iwakami, S., Matsunaga, T. 1992. Biological Activity of Monoterpenes from Trees. Toyama-Ken Yakuji Kenkyusho Nenpo, (20): 95-101.
V&D: Vlietinck, A.J. and Dommisse, R.A. eds. 1985. Advances in Medicinal Plant Research. Wiss. Verlag. Stuttgart.
VAL: Valnet, J. 1982. The Practice of Aromatherapy. Translated from the 1980 French Edition by Robin Campbell and Libby Houston. Destiny Books, New York. 279 pp.
VET94: Tyler, V.E.. 1994.
W&W: Wagner & Wolff, eds. 1977. New Natural Products (RS164. I56. 176)
WAF: Jim Duke's personal files
WER: Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
WIC: Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.
WO3: Jim Duke's personal files
WRI: Jim Duke's personal files
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YAK111:193: Yakugaku Zasshi, 111: 193, 1991.
ZEB: Zebovitz, T. C. Ed. 1989. Part VII. Flavor and Fragrance Substances, in Keith L. H. and Walters, D.B., eds. Compendium of Safety Data Sheets for Research and Industrial Chemicals. VCH Publishers, New York. 3560-4253.
ppm = parts per million
tr = trace