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Dr Duke's list of Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Lavandula x intermedia EMERIC ex LOIS (Lamiaceae) -- Dutch Lavender, Lavandin
Identifier
019010
Type of Spiritual Experience
Background
A description of the experience
Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Lavandula x intermedia EMERIC ex LOIS (Lamiaceae) -- Dutch Lavender, Lavandin
Chemicals
1,8-CINEOLE Plant 315 - 1,110 ppm BML
(-)-Chronotropic 87 nl/ml HH2 ; (-)-Inotropic HH2 ; Acaricide LC100=6 uM; Allelopathic; Allergenic M&R486 ; Anesthetic DUKE1992B ; Anthelmintic JBH ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC50=41 ug/ml JAF46:3434 ; Antiallergic JFH33(6):569 ; Antibacterial 50 ppm; Antibronchitic PR14:240 ; Anticariogenic JNP59:823 ; Anticatarrh M29 ; Anticholinesterase IC50=50-70; Antifatigue JAR8:2 ; Antihalitosic AH12(4):17 ; Antiinflammatory EJP331:253 ; Antilaryngitic DUKE1992B ; Antinociceptive PR14:401 ; Antipharyngitic DUKE1992B ; Antiplaque X12537346 ; Antirheumatic PR14:240 ; Antirhinitic DUKE1992B ; Antiseptic JBH ; Antisinusitic PR14:240 ; Antispasmodic SHT158 ; Antistaphylococcic 50 ppm JAR8:2 ; Antitussive; Antiulcer X11281182 ; Candidicide LAF337 ; Carcinogenic ZEB ; Choleretic DUKE1992B ; CNS-Stimulant DUKE1992B ; Convulsant JAR8:2 ; Counterirritant M29 ; Cytochrome-P450-Inducer MED'95 ; Decongestant; Degranulant 0.3 ul/ml EJP331:253 ; Dentifrice M29 ; Edemagenic inj; Expectorant JBH ; FLavor FEMA 1-200 ARC ; Fungicide SHT158 ; Gastroprotective X11281182 ; Gram(+)icide JAR8:2 ; Gram(-)icide JAR8:2 ; Hepatotonic DUKE1992B ; Herbicide IC50=78 uM TOX ; Hypotensive DUKE1992B ; Inflammatory inj EJP331:253 ; Insectifuge; Irritant RIN ; Myorelaxant CAN ; Nematicide NIG ; Neurotoxic JAR8:2 ; P450-Inducer MED'95 ; Pediculicide 2.3 x pyrethrin JAF52:2507 ; Perfume ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Rubefacient M29 ; Secretogogue SHT158 ; Sedative; Spasmogenic JAR8:2 ; Surfactant SHT158 ; Testosterone-Hydroxylase-Inducer MED'95 ; Transdermal X14703969 ; Trichomonicide LD100=1,000 ug/ml FT67:279
1-OCTEN-3-OL Plant 10 - 50 ppm BML
No activity reported.
1-OCTEN-3-YL-ACETATE Plant 45 - 81 ppm BML
No activity reported.
1-OCTEN-3-YL-BUTYRATE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
2,6-DIMETHYL-3-ACETOXY-METHYL-HEPTA-1,6-DIEN-5-OL Plant: BML
No activity reported.
2,6-DIMETHYL-3-ACETOXYMETHOXYMETHYL-HEPTA-1,4-DIEN-6-OL Plant: BML
No activity reported.
2,6-DIMETHYL-3-ACETOXYMETHYL-HEPT-1-EN-5-ONE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
2,6-DIMETHYL-3-ACETOXYMETHYL-HEPTA-1,6-DIEN-5-ONE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
2,6-DIMETHYL-6-ACETOXY-OCT-7-EN-3-ONE Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
2,6-DIMETHYL-6-ACETOXY-OCTA-1,7-DIEN-3-ONE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
2-METHYL-4-BUTANOLIDE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
2-METHYL-BUTANAL Plant: BML
No activity reported.
2-METHYL-FURAN Plant: BML
No activity reported.
2-METHYL-PROPANAL Plant: BML
No activity reported.
3,4-DIHYDRO-4,7-DIMETHYL-1-(2H)-NAPHTHALENONE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
3,7-DIMETHYL-OCTA-1,7-DIEN-3,6-DIOL-6-ACETATE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
3-METHYL-BUT-3-EN-2-OL Plant: BML
No activity reported.
3-METHYL-BUTANAL Plant: BML
No activity reported.
3-METHYL-BUTANOL Plant: BML
No activity reported.
3-OCTANOL Plant 25 - 45 ppm BML
FLavor FEMA ARC ; Perfumery ARC
3-OCTANONE Plant 30 - 199 ppm BML
No activity reported.
4,4-DIMETHYL-2-BUT-4-ENOLIDE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
4-HEXAL-4-BUTANOLIDE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
4-ISOPROPYL-4-BUTANOLIDE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
4-METHYL-4-VINYL-2-BUT-4-ENOLIDE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
4-METHYL-4-VINYL-4-BUTANOLIDE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
5,7-EPOXY-2,6-DIMETHYL-3-ACETOXYMETHYL-HEPTEN-1-ENE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
5-PENTYL-5-PENTANOLIDE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
6,7-EPOXY-1-OCTEN-3-OL-3,7-DIMETHYL-ACETATE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
6-HYDROXY-OCTA-2,7-DIENAL-2,6-DIMETHYL-ACETATE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
6-HYDROXY-OCTA-3,7-DIEN-2-ONE-6-METHYL-ACETATE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
6-METHYL-3,5-HEPTADIEN-2-ONE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
6-METHYL-3-HEPTANONE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
6-METHYL-5-HEPTEN-2-ONE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
7-HYDROXY-5-ISOPROPENYL-HEPT-2-ENAL-2-METHYL-ACETATE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
ACETALDEHYDE Plant: BML
Addictive 8 ug/kg SN145:294 ; Fungicide DUKE1992B ; Perfumery FEMA 4-25 ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Respiraparalytic DUKE1992B ; Tyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=43 ug/ml JAF47:4574
ACETIC-ACID Plant: BML
Acidulant JBH ; Antibacterial 5,000 ppm DUKE1992B ; Antiotitic MAR ; Antisalmonella X11307877 ; Antivaginitic 1-2% DUKE1992B ; Expectorant MAR ; Fungicide M29 ; Keratitigenic M&R367 ; Mucolytic M29 ; Osteolytic DUKE1992B ; Perfumery FEMA 6,000-40,000 ppm ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Protisticide M29 ; Spermicide MAR ; Ulcerogenic HG20:9 ; Verrucolytic DUKE1992B
ACETONE Plant: BML
Allergenic M&R722 ; CNS-Depressant M29 ; Narcotic M29
ALPHA-CADINENE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
ALPHA-CAMPHOLENAL Plant: BML
No activity reported.
ALPHA-NORSANTALENONE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
ALPHA-PHOTOSANTALOL Plant: BML
No activity reported.
ALPHA-PINENE Plant 28 - 120 ppm BML
Allelochemic DUKE1992B ; Allergenic M&R523 ; Antiacne JAR12:99 ; Antibacterial; Antifeedant JAF45:3276 ; Antiflu EMP5:195 ; Antiinflammatory 500 mg/kg; Antipneumonic X16248573 ; Antiseptic X16248573 ; Antispasmodic; Antistaphylococcic X16248573 ; Antiviral EMP5:195 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Coleoptophile DUKE1992B ; Expectorant MIK ; FLavor FEMA 15-150 ARC ; Herbicide IC50=30 uM TOX ; Insecticide 0.82 uM/fly JAF50:4576 ; Insectifuge 50 ppm; Insectiphile JSPR22:141 ; Irritant JBH ; P450-2B1-Inhibitor IC50=0.087 uM X9242356 ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative LRN-JUN90 ; Spasmogenic; Tranquilizer LRN-JUN90 ; Transdermal X7199340
ALPHA-SANTALAL Plant: BML
No activity reported.
ALPHA-SANTALENE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
ALPHA-SANTALENIC-ACID Plant: BML
No activity reported.
ALPHA-TERPINENE Plant: BML
Acaricide X11124373 ; ACE-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml (weak activity) K26575 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml TYK1992:95 ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC50=1.0 mM JAF45:677 ; Antinitrosaminic X10606544 ; Antispasmodic PR14:623 ; FLavor FEMA 1-40 ARC ; Insecticide 0.86 uM/fly JAF50:4576 ; Insectifuge DUKE1992B ; P450-2B1-Inhibitor IC50=0.76 uM X9242356 ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spasmogenic PR14:623
ALPHA-TERPINEOL Plant 100 ppm; BML
ACE-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml (weak activity) K26575 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml TYK1992:95 ; Allelopathic CWW ; Antiacne JAR12:99 ; Antibacterial MIC=800-1,600 ug/ml JAF41:1103 ; Anticancer JNU ; Anticariogenic JAF41:1103 ; Antiinflammatory X17867636 ; Antiproliferant X16964395 ; Antiseptic JBH ; Cicatrizant ED50=240 ug/g mus X11678668 ; FLavor FEMA 5-40 ARC ; Insecticide 1.29 uM/fly JAF50:4576 ; Interleukin-6-Inhibitor X17867636 ; Mosquitofuge > Deet X15825766 ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative BVC:162 ; Termiticide IC100=5 mg/g; Transdermal X10434134 ; Vulnerary ED50=240 ug/g mus X11678668
ALPHA-TERPINYL-ACETATE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
AR-CURCUMENE Plant: BML
Antirhinoviral IC50=1,750? JNP57:658 ; Antiulcer IC45=100 mg/kg YAK112:645 ; Antiviral IC50=1,750? JNP57:658
BERGAMOTENE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
BETA-PINENE Plant 15 - 70 ppm BML
Allergenic M&R618 ; Antiinflammatory FT63(1):3 ; Antiseptic LAF ; Antispasmodic; Candidicide LAF337 ; FLavor FEMA 15-600 ARC ; Herbicide TOX ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant ZEB ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spasmogenic CAN ; Transdermal X10408241
BETA-SANTALENE Plant: BML
Antiinflammatory DUKE1992B ; Perfumery ARC
BORNEOL Plant 200 - 330 ppm BML
(-)-Chronotropic 29 ug/ml HH2 ; (-)-Inotropic HH2 ; Allelochemic JAF45:3276 ; Analgesic DUKE1992B ; Antiacetylcholine CAN ; Antibacterial MIC=125-250 ug/ml X11559128 ; Antibronchitic JBH ; Antiescherichic MIC=125 ug/ml X11559128 ; Antifeedant JAF45:3276 ; Antiinflammatory DUKE1992B ; Antiotitic X2364470 ; Antipyretic DUKE1992B ; Antisalmonella X11559128 ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.008 mg/ml; Antistaphylococcic MIC=250 ug/ml X11559128 ; Antiyeast X11559128 ; Candidicide X11559128 ; Choleretic X11559128 ; CNS-Stimulant HHB ; CNS-Toxic JBH ; FLavor FEMA<1 ARC ; Fungicide X11559128 ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Herbicide IC50=470 mM 438 IC50=470 uM TOX ; Inhalant JBH ; Insect-Repellent DUKE1992B ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant RIN ; Myorelaxant CAN ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative MED ; Tranquilizer X11559128
BORNYL-ACETATE Plant 190 - 342 ppm BML
(-)-Chronotropic 933 nl/ml HH2 ; (-)-Inotropic HH2 ; Antibacterial LAF ; Antifeedant 382 ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.09 mg/ml FT59:465 ; Antiviral LAF ; Expectorant JBH ; FLavor FEMA 70-80 ARC ; Insectifuge HH3 ; Myorelaxant CAN ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative
BUTYL-ACETATE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
BUTYRIC-ACID Plant: BML
Anticancer WER ; Antitumor WER ; Apoptotic BOI ; Bruchifuge 382 ; Nematistat 880 ug/ml NIG ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
BUTYROLACTONE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
CAMPHENE Plant 26 - 60 ppm BML
Allelopathic CWW ; Antilithic? JBH ; Antioxidant JA6(4):33 ; Expectorant HH2 ; FLavor FEMA 15-175 ARC ; Hypocholesterolemic? JBH ; Insectifuge 382 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spasmogenic FT59:465
CAMPHOR Plant 542 - 1,620 ppm BML
Allelopathic; Analgesic; Anesthetic; Antiacne NIG ; Antidiarrheic 500 ug/ml WO2 ; Antidysenteric WO2 ; Antiemetic 100-200 mg man orl KCH ; Antifeedant IC50=5,000 ppm diet 438 ; Antifibrositic MAR ; Antineuralgic MAR ; Antipruritic M11 ; Antiseptic M11 ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.075 mg/ml FT59:465 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Carminative JPP46:16 ; CNS-Stimulant JE26:74 ; Convulsant RJH ; Cosmetic JBH ; Counterirritant MAR ; Decongestant NIG ; Deliriant M11 ; Ecbolic DUKE1992B ; Emetic DUKE1992B ; Epileptigenic CAN ; Expectorant M29 ; Fungicide ED50=2.7 mM TOX ; Herbicide IC50=3.3-180 mM 438 ; Insect-Repellent DUKE1992B ; Insectifuge; Irritant JBH ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Occuloirritant M&R367 ; P450-2B1-Inhibitor IC50=7.89 uM X9242356 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Respirainhibitor M11 ; Respirastimulant KCH ; Rubefacient; Stimulant RJH ; Transdermal; Verrucolytic NIG ; Vibriocide 500 ug/ml WO2
CAPROIC-ACID Plant: BML
Irritant M&R503
CARVONE Plant: BML
Allergenic M&R683 ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC50=1.4-1.8 mM JAF45:677 ; Antiproliferative JNP65:953 ; Antiseptic 1.5 x phenol W&W ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidistat JNP65:953 ; Carminative JPP46:16 ; CNS-Stimulant DUKE1992B ; FLavor FEMA 80-3,000 ARC ; Fungistat JNP65:953 ; Insecticide 382 ; Insectifuge 382 ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative BVC:162 ; Trichomonicide LD100=300 ug/ml FT67:279 ; Vermicide DUKE1992B
CARYOPHYLLENE Plant 147 - 440 ppm BML
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor PJB1(3):238 ; Allergenic X16226832 ; Analgesic RAI ; Antiacne PJB1(3):238 ; Antiasthmatic LAF ; Antibacterial JAF40:2329 ; Anticariogenic MIC=>1,600 ug/ml JAF41:1103 ; Antidermatitic WO3 ; Antiedemic CPB38:2283 ; Antifeedant 500 ppm TOX ; Antiinflammatory IC50=100 uM CPB38:2283 ; Antileishmanic X180905647 ; Antionychyotic RAI ; Antiproliferant X16964395 ; Antispasmodic DUKE1992B ; Antistaphylococcic JAR10:7 ; Antistreptococcic PJB1(3):238 ; Antitumor JNP55:999 ; Antiulcer RAI ; Candidicide JAR10:7 ; FLavor FEMA 20-200 ARC ; Fungicide JAR10:7 ; Gastroprotective RAI ; Insectifuge; Irritant ZEB ; Larvicide X10701181 ; Mosquitocide X10701181 ; Perfumery M11 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative JAR10:7 ; Termitifuge 382
CARYOPHYLLENE-OXIDE Plant: BML
Antiedemic CPB38:2283 ; Antifeedant ISA14:93 ; Antiinflammatory CPB38:2283 ; Antitumor JNP55:999 ; Calcium-Antagonist ED50=32 uM gpg J14432 ; Fungicide; Insecticide ISA14:93 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
CIS-ALLO-OCIMENE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
CIS-ALPHA-BISABOLENE Plant 60 - 90 ppm BML
No activity reported.
CIS-LINALOL-OXIDE Plant 8 - 98 ppm BML
No activity reported.
CIS-OCIMENE Plant 100 - 230 ppm BML
Antibacterial CWW ; Antistaphylococcic CWW ; Fungicide CWW
COUMARIN Plant: BML
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 10 ug/ml cow (weak activity, 11% inhibition) CPB43:1385 ; Allelochemic IC100=2 mM 438 ; Analgesic ZEB ; Anesthetic EB30:103 ; Antiaggregant DUKE1992B ; Antiandrogenic PM56(6):671 ; Antibrucellosic JPP42:194 ; Anticancer (Kidney) 400-7,000 mg/day MAB ; Anticancer (Prostate) MAB ; Antidiuretic CAN117 ; Antiedemic CPB38:2283 ; Antiesherichic JBH ; Antiinflammatory CPB38:2283 ; Antilymphedemic MAB ; Antimelanomic 50 mg/day; Antimetastatic 50 mg/man/day MAB ; Antimitotic IJP33:7 ; Antimononuccleotic MAB ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antimycoplasmotic MAB ; Antipsittacotic MAB ; Antipsoriac IJP33:7 ; Antitoxoplasmotic MAB ; Antitumor 50 mg/day; Antitumor (GI) JAR9(4):182 ; Antitumor (Kidney) 400-7,000 mg/day MAB ; Antitumor (Prostate) MAB ; Bacteristat JBH ; Bruchiphobe DUKE1992B ; Cancer-Preventive 5-25 ug/ml PM1987:526 ; Carcinogenic 200 mg/kg orl mus MAB ; Cardiodepressant; Cardiotonic FEL ; Chemopreventive JAR9(4):182 ; DME-Inhibitor IC50=57.5 uM ACM:134 ; Emetic DUKE1992B ; Estrogenic CAN ; Fungicide JBH ; Hemorrhagic JBH ; Hepatotoxic 0.8-1.71 mM/kg orl rat 100 mg/kg dog ARO95:21 2,500 ppm diet ARO95:21 ; Hypnotic EB44:68.1990 ; Hypoglycemic 250-1,000 mg/kg orl EMP6:165 ; Immunostimulant; Juvabional 382 ; Larvistat JBH ; Lymphocytogenic 100 mg/day JPP42:194 ; Lymphokinetic PH2 ; Narcotic FEL ; Ovicide DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Phagocytotic PM56(6):671 ; Piscicide JBH ; Respirodepressant EB30:103 ; Rodenticide JBH ; Sedative EB44:68.1990
CRYPTONE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
CUMINALDEHYDE Plant: BML
Antibacterial DUKE1992B ; FLavor FEMA <1 ARC ; Fungicide FT62:86 ; Irritant ZEB ; Larvicide AYL ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative ZEB ; Tyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=0.05 mM JAF47:4574 ; Ulcerogenic ZEB
DECANAL Plant: BML
No activity reported.
DELTA-3-CARENE Plant 2 - 8 ppm BML
Allergenic? M&R184 ; Antibacterial RIE12:5 ; Antiinflammatory ipr IJO15(4):194 ; Dermatitigenic M&R520 ; FLavor FEMA ARC ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant PJB1(2):263 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
DELTA-CADINENE Plant: BML
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor PJB1(3):238 ; Antiacne PJB1(3):238 ; Antibacterial MIC800 ug/ml JAF41:1103 ; Anticariogenic JAF41:1103 ; Antistreptococcic PJB1(3):238 ; Cytochrome-P450-Inducer MED'95 ; P450-Inducer MED'95 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Testosterone-Inducer MED'95
DIACETYL Plant: BML
FLavor FEMA 3-50 ARC ; Irritant ZEB
DIHYDROCOUMARIN Plant: BML
Cancer-Preventive 525 ; FLavor FEMA 5-80 ARC
DIISOPROPYL-KETONE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
DIMETHYL-SULFIDE Plant: BML
FLavor FEMA 0.1-2 ARC ; Irritant ZEB
EO Plant 10,000 - 18,000 ppm BML
No activity reported.
EPOXY-LINALYL-ACETATE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
EUGENOL Plant: BML
Acaricide LD50=5.47 ug/sq cm cf DEET at 37.59 ug/sq cm; Allergenic M&R488 ; Analgesic M11 ; Anesthetic 200-400 PR4:93 ; Antiaggregant IC50=0.3 uM PR4:93 ; Antiarachidonate PJB1(2):269 ; Antibacterial 500 ppm VAL MBC=400 ug/ml JNP49:5750 ; Anticonvulsant JBH ; Antiedemic 100 PR4:95 ; Antiestrogenic X12495555 ; Antifeedant 382 ; Antigenotoxic 50-500 mg/kg orl mus X11313116 ; Antiherpetic IC50=16.2-25.6 ug/ml PR14:495 ; Antiinflammatory (11 uM) IC~97=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; Antikeratotic IC50=16.2-25.6 ug/ml PR14:495 ; Antimitotic JBH ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antinitrosating PCF-I:200 ; Antioxidant 10 uM HHM7:7 IC65=30 ppm PCF:219 ; Antiprostaglandin 11 uM PM186:1986 IC50=9.2 mM POP:150 ; Antipyretic 3 ml/man/day DUKE1992B ; Antiradicular EC50=2 ul/l PMP22:233 ; Antisalmonella MIC=400 ug/ml JNP49:5750 ; Antiseptic 3 ml/man/day DUKE1992B 400 ug/ml JNP49:5750 ; Antispasmodic LAF ; Antistaphylococcic CWW ; Antithromboxane LRN-JUL87 ; AntiTNF X10871845 ; Antitumor JNP55:999 ; Antiulcer FT71:S131 ; Antiviral IC50=16.2-25.6 ug/ml PR14:495 ; Apifuge 382 ; Calcium-Antagonist IC50=200 uM gpg J14432 IC50=224 uM LAB58 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidicide PR4:93 ; Carcinogenic? NIG ; Carminative JPP46:16 ; Choleretic X1242658 ; CNS-Depressant JBH ; COX-1-Inhibitor IC97=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; COX-2-Inhibitor IC50=129 uM JNP65:1517 IC>97=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; Cytochrome-P450-Inhibitor PIZ ; Cytotoxic 25 ug/ml PR4:93 ; Dermatitigenic M&R489 ; Enterorelaxant JAR4:22 ; FLavor FEMA 10-500 ARC ; Fungicide PMP23:60 ; Hepatoprotective 100 ppm TOX107:39 ; Herbicide PMP23:60 ; Insecticide; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant; Juvabional 382 ; Larvicide JE26:72 ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Nematicide MLC=2,000 ug/ml SZ44:183 ; Neurotoxic RJH ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor 1 mM rbt GPH27:629 IC50=9.2 uM; Sedative; Termiticide LD100=5 mg/g JAF50:1389 ; Trichomonicide LD100=300 ug/ml FT67:279 ; Trichomonistat IC50=10 ug/ml NIG ; Trypsin-Enhancer LRN-DEC93 ; Ulcerogenic PR4:93 ; Varroacide X10826162 ; Vasodilator PR14:495 ; Vermifuge DUKE1992B
FURFURAL Plant: BML
Antiseptic LAF ; FLavor FEMA 1-30 ARC ; Fungicide DUKE1992B ; Insecticide DUKE1992B ; Irritant CAN ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
GAMMA-TERPINENE Plant 2 - 15 ppm BML
Acaricide X11124373 ; ACE-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml (weak activity) K26575 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml TYK1992:95 ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC23=1.2 mM JAF45:677 ; Antifeedant HH3 ; Antioxidant JA6(4):33 ; FLavor FEMA 1-40 ARC ; Insectifuge HH3 ; Irritant ZEB ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
GERANIOL Plant 20 - 36 ppm BML
Allergenic; Anthelmintic MAD ; Antibacterial MBC=800 ug/ml JNP49:5750 MIC=400 ug/ml JAF41:1103 MIC=64 ug/ml PR14:303 ; Anticancer (Pancreas) IC50=265 uM LIP32:151 ; Anticariogenic MIC=400 ug/ml JAF41:1103 ; Antimelanomic IC50=150 uM/l JN127:668 ; Antisalmonella MIC=400 ug/ml JNP49:5750 ; Antiseptic 400-800 ug/ml JNP49:5750 7 x phenol W&W MIC=64 ug/ml PR14:303 ; Antispasmodic JEO2:185 ; Antitubercular PR14:303 ; Antitumor JAF43:2144 ; Antitumor (Pancreas) IC50=265 uM LIP32:151 ; Ascaricide MAD ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidicide DUKE1992B ; CNS-Stimulant HHB ; Embryotoxic DUKE1992B ; Emetic 3 x ipecac LRN-SEP97 ; Expectorant MAD ; FLavor FEMA 1-10 ARC ; Fungicide IC93=2 mM 438 ; Herbicide IC100-2,000 uM TOX ; Insectifuge 50 ppm JSPR22:141.1986 ; Insectiphile M11 ; Mycobactericide MIC=64 ug/ml PR14:303 ; Nematicide IC86=100 ug/ml NIG MLC=1,000 ug/ml SZ44:183 ; Perfumery M11 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative; Trichomonicide LD100=300 ug/ml FT67:279
GERANYL-ACETATE Plant 21 - 72 ppm BML
Allergenic M&R333 ; FLavor FEMA 1-20 ARC ; Insectiphile JBH ; Perfumery JBH ; Sedative JA6(4):40
GERMACRENE-D Plant 50 - 90 ppm BML
Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Pheromone DUKE1992B
HEPTANAL Plant: BML
No activity reported.
HEPTANE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
HEXANAL Plant 30 - 54 ppm BML
Antibacterial MBC=800 ug/ml JNP49:5750 ; Antisalmonella MIC=400 ug/ml JNP49:5750 ; Antiseptic 400-800 ug/ml; FLavor FEMA <1-5 ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
HEXYL-2-METHYL-PROPIONATE Plant 25 - 45 ppm BML
No activity reported.
HEXYL-3-METHYL-BUTYRATE Plant 50 - 90 ppm BML
No activity reported.
HEXYL-ACETATE Plant: BML
FLavor FEMA 3-25 ARC
HEXYL-BUTYRATE Plant 35 - 72 ppm BML
FLavor FEMA 2-10 ARC
HEXYL-ISOBUTYRATE Plant 13 - 20 ppm BML
No activity reported.
HEXYL-TIGLATE Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
ISOCARYOPHYLLENE-OXIDE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
ISOGERANIOL Plant: BML
No activity reported.
ISOVALERALDEHYDE Plant: BML
FLavor FEMA 0.5-5 ARC
L-OCTEN-3-ACETYL-ACETATE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
LAVANDULOL Plant 30 - 150 ppm BML
No activity reported.
LAVANDULYL-2-METHYL-BUTYRATE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
LAVANDULYL-2-METHYL-PROPIONATE Plant 60 - 108 ppm BML
No activity reported.
LAVANDULYL-ACETATE Plant 120 - 195 ppm BML
No activity reported.
LAVANDULYL-BENZOATE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
LAVANDULYL-BUTYRATE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
LAVANDULYL-CAPROLATE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
LIMONENE Plant 50 - 140 ppm BML
Acaricide LC100=8 uM JAF50:4586 ; AChE-Inhibitor 453 ; Allelochemic JAF45:3276 ; Allergenic 1/20th carene M&R521 ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC22-26=1.2 mM JAF45:677 ; Antiadenomic ACT13:64 ; Antialzheimeran? 453 ; Antiasthmatic X15598576 ; Antibacterial RIE12:5 ; Anticancer AEM401:131 ; Antiesophagitic ACT13:64 ; Antifeedant JAF45:3276 ; Antiflu EMP5:195 ; Antiinflammatory X15598576 ; Antilithic M29:1064 ; Antilymphomic X15778119 ; Antimetastatic (Stomach) ACT13:64 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antiobesity X15862904 ; Antiseptic JAF44:2802 ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.197 mg/ml FT59:465 ; Antitumor; Antitumor (Breast) AEM401:131 ; Antitumor (Colon) ACT13:64 ; Antitumor (Pancreas) AEM401:131 ; Antitumor (Prostate) AEM401:131 ; Antitumor (Stomach) ACT13:64 ; Antiviral; Apoptotic X14998133 ; Bronchoprotectant X15598576 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidistat JAF40:2330 ; Chemopreventive AEM401:131 ; Cholesterolytic X18072821 ; Detoxicant; Enterocontractant JAR4:22 ; Expectorant; FLavor PJB1(3):242 ; Fungiphilic JAF43:2283 ; Fungistat JAF40:2330 ; GST-Inducer X1438594 ; Herbicide IC50=45 uM TOX ; Histaminic X15862904 ; Immunomodulator X15778119 ; Insecticide 0.37 uM/fly; Insectifuge 382 ; Interleukin-6-Inhibitor X17867636 ; Irritant; Lipolytic X15862904 ; Myorelaxant 50 mg/kg X12587690 ; Nematicide IC=100 ug/ml NIG ; NO-Genic X15778119 ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor ~750 mg/kg (diet) BO2 ; Ozone-Scavenger X15598576 ; P450-Inducer; Peristaltic X18072821 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Photosensitizer RIN ; Sedative ED=1-32 mg/kg W&W ; Transdermal X7199340
LINALOL Plant 3,098 - 3,710 ppm BML
No activity reported.
LINALYL-ACETATE Plant 2,170 - 3,950 ppm BML
Anesthetic 0.01-1 ug/ml; Antioxidant 400 ppm SPI:282 ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.21 mg/ml FT59:465 ; FLavor FEMA 2-15 ARC ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Perfumery M11 ; Sedative
LINALYL-BUTYRATE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
LINALYL-FORMATE Plant: BML
FLavor FEMA 1-15 ARC ; Perfumery ARC
METHYLPROPYL-KETONE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
MYRCENE Plant 47 - 65 ppm BML
ACE-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml K26575 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor TYK1992:95 ; Allergenic M&R154 ; Analgesic EMM18:28 ; Antibacterial DUKE1992B ; Anticonvulsant X11085358 ; Antimutagenic EMM18:28 ; Antinitrosaminic X10606544 ; Antinociceptive 10-20 mg/kg ipr mus JPP42:877 20-40 mg/kg scu mus JPP42:877 ; Antioxidant JA6(4):33 ; Antispasmodic PM&T20:213.1986 ; Chemopreventive 525 ; FLavor FEMA 0.5-9 ARC ; Fungicide TOX ; Hypothermic X11085358 ; Insectifuge DUKE1992B ; Irritant ZEB ; Myorelaxant 100-200 mg/kg X12587690 ; P450-2B1-Inhibitor IC50=0.14 uM X9242356 ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
NEROL Plant: BML
Antibacterial HG17 ; Antihelicobacter X14506036 ; Antiseptic LAF ; Antiulcer X14506036 ; Estrogenic X12495555 ; FLavor FEMA 1-20 ARC ; Perfumery M11 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative ZEB ; Trichomonicide ED100=300 ug/ml FT67:279
NERYL-ACETATE Plant: BML
Antiflu DUKE1992B ; Antiviral DUKE1992B ; FLavor FEMA 1-15 ARC ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
NOPINONE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
OCT-7-EN-3-ONE-6-OL-6-METHYL-ACETATE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
OCTA-1,7-DIEN-3,6-DIOL-2,6-DIMETHYL-6-ACETATE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
OCTA-1,7-DIEN-3-ONE-6-OL-6-METHYL-ACETATE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
OCTA-3,7-DIEN-2,6-DIOL-2,6-DIMETHYL-6-ACETATE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
OCTANAL Plant: BML
No activity reported.
P-CYMEN-8-OL Plant: BML
No activity reported.
P-CYMENE Plant 32 - 69 ppm BML
Analgesic MAR ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC40=1.2 mM JAF45:677 ; Antibacillary X10826719 ; Antibacterial JE26:74 ; Antiflu DUKE1992B ; Antirheumatalgic MAR ; Antiviral DUKE1992B ; FLavor FEMA 12-250 ARC ; Fungicide TOX ; Herbicide IC50=50 uM TOX ; Insectifuge HH3 ; Irritant ZEB ; Laxative ZEB ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative ZEB ; Trichomonicide LD100=50 ug/ml FT67:279
P-ISOPROPYLACETOPHENONE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
P-MENTHA-1,4-DIEN-7-AL Plant: BML
No activity reported.
PERILLYL-ALCOHOL Plant: BML
Antibacterial JAF40:2329 ; Anticancer (Pancreas) IC50=290 uM; Antimelanomic IC50=250 uM/l JN127:668 ; Antiproliferant DND23:676 ; Antitumor (Breast) AEM401:131 ; Antitumor (Colon) CR57:420 ; Antitumor (Pancreas) AEM401:131 ; Antitumor (Prostate) AEM401:131 ; Apoptotic CR57:420 ; Candidicide JAF40:2329 ; Chemopreventive; Fungicide JAF40:2329 ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
PERILLYL-ALDEHYDE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
PHELLANDRENE Plant: BML
Hyperthermic HG22:45 ; Irritant RIN ; Spasmogenic FT59:465 ; Tumor-Promoter AEHD1:131
ROSMARINIC-ACID Plant 5,000 ppm; FT62:166
ABeta-Inhibitor X16495207 ; Adenylate-Cyclase-Inhibitor CPB37:1287 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor X16249088 ; Antiaggregant LAF ; Antiallergic BPB24:1206 ; Antialzheimeran X16524383 ; Antianaphylactic 1-100 mg/kg orl IJI10:729 ID50=1 mg/kg ivn rat DUKE1992B ID50=10 mg/kg ims rat DUKE1992B ; Antiatherosclerotic IC50=0.74 uM JAF45:578 ; Antibacterial PM55:663 ; Anticoagulant LAF ; Anticomplementary 1/2 aspirin 20 mg/kg ivn CAN ; Antidepressant X11917505 ; Antiedemic 0.316-3.16 mg/kg ims IJI10:729 ; Antigonadotropic; Antihemolytic IC70=5-10 um/l IJI10:729 ; Antihepatotoxic PM56:173 ; Antiherpetic 50 ug/ml V&D EC50=20 ug/ml POP:270 ; AntiHIV EC50=40 ug/ml POP:270 ; Antihyperthyroid X6724503 ; Antiinflammatory IC~58=1,000 uM; Antiintegrase 10 ug/ml; Antileukotriene DUKE1992B ; Antilipoperoxidant PM56:173 ; Antimutagenic X16536576 ; Antinephritic JNP59:843 ; Antioxidant 10 uM PHM7:7 EC50=2.7 ug/ml FT62:170 ; Antioxidant (LDL) IC50=0.74 uM JAF45:578 ; Antiplaque X16524383 ; Antiproliferant X11270716 ; Antiprostaglandin 20 mg/kg ivn CAN ; Antiproteolytic IC50=0.9 mol l HH2 ; Antipulmonotic VET94 ; Antiradicular PM56:173 ; Antishock IJI10:735 ; Antithyreotropic DUKE1992B ; Antithyroid JNM1:10 ; Antiuremic JNP59:843 ; Antiviral EC50=40 ug/ml; Anxiolytic X11917505 ; Apoptotic X16534555 ; Calcium-Antagonist IC50=1.2 uM rbt K16299 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; COX-1-Inhibitor IC58=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; COX-2-Inhibitor IC>58=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; Cytotoxic TC50=100-150 ug/ml POP:270 ; Deiodinase-Inhibitor JNM1:10 ; Immunomodulator JAF50:5878 ; Immunostimulant PPL7:187 ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor JAF46:4545 ; Neuroprotective X16495207 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Radioprotective X16536576
SABINAKETONE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
SABINENE Plant 6 - 20 ppm BML
Antibacterial X14506036 ; Antihelicobacter X14506036 ; Antiseptic X14506036 ; Antiulcer X14506036 ; Perfumery ARC
TERPINEN-4-OL Plant 46 - 279 ppm BML
Allelopathic CWW ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC21-24=1.2 mM JAF45:677 ; Antiacne JAR12:99 ; Antiallergic DUKE1992B ; Antiasthmatic CJT4:203.1982 ; Antibacterial; Antioxidant PR14:623 ; Antiseptic FFJ9:129 ; Antispasmodic PR14:623 ; Antitussive CJT ; Antiulcer X10823671 ; Bacteriostatic CJT ; Diuretic 0.1 ml/rat; Fungicide DUKE1992B ; Herbicide IC50=200 mM 438 IC50=22 uM TOX ; Insectifuge DUKE1992B ; Irritant CAN ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Renoirritant CAN ; Spermicide ED100=0.015 AHN188:83.1986 ; Vulnerary LRN-JAN91
TERPINEOLENE Plant 12 - 26 ppm BML
No activity reported.
TRANS-2-HEXENAL Plant: BML
FLavor FEMA 0.7-20 ARC ; Paramecicide WOI ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Prosticide WOI
TRANS-2-TRANS-4-HEPTADIENAL Plant: BML
No activity reported.
TRANS-ALLO-OCIMENE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
TRANS-BETA-FARNESENE Plant: BML
Insectifuge 382 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
TRANS-LINALOL-OXIDE Plant 21 - 28 ppm BML
No activity reported.
TRANS-OCIMENE Plant 30 - 460 ppm BML
No activity reported.
TRICYCLENE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
VALERALDEHYDE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
The source of the experience
Dr Dukes plant databaseConcepts, symbols and science items
Concepts
Symbols
Science Items
Activities and commonsteps
Commonsteps
References
382: Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.
438: Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.
453: Grundy, D. L. and Still, C. C., Inhibition of acetylcholinesterases by pulegone-1,2-epoxide, Oest. Biochem. & Physiol., 23, 1985, 383-8.
525: Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.
ACM:134: Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 134.
ACT13:64: Jim Duke's personal files
AEHD1:131: Jim Duke's personal files
AEM401:131: Jim Duke's personal files
AH12(4):17: American Health, 12(4): 17, 1993.
AHN188:83.1986: Jim Duke's personal files
ARC: Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry Note: Most ARC numerical data were in mg/dl. I know of no other plant where zinc is more prevalent than other minerals and protein. These data should be viewed as suspect.
ARO95:21: Jim Duke's personal files
AYL: Leung, A.Y., Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980.
BML: Lawrence, B.M., Essential Oils 1976-1977, Essential Oils 1978, Essential Oils 1979-1980. Note: Three annual compilations on essential oils. Percentages multiplied by 250-10,000 ppm and rounded to get fresh and dry weights.
BO2: Jim Duke's personal files
BOI: Jim Duke's personal files
BPB24:1206: Jim Duke's personal files
BVC:162: Buchbauer et al, e.g.Buchbauer et al,1993.Therapeutic properties of essential oils and fragrances. Chap.12 in Teranishi,R, Buttery,R.G and Sugisawa,H. Eds. Bioactive Volatile Compounds from Plants. ACS Symposium Series 525. Amer. Chem. Soc., Washington DC
CAN: Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.
CAN117: Jim Duke's personal files
CJT: Chin. J. Tuber. Respir. Dis.
CJT4:203.1982: Chin. J. Tuber. Respir. Dis., 4:203, 1982.
CPB37:1287: Jim Duke's personal files
CPB38:2283: Shimizu,*M., et al. 1990. Anti-inflammatory Constituents of Topically Applied Crude Drugs. IV.1) Constituents and Anti-inflammatory Effect of Paraguayan Crude Drug "Alhucema" (Lavandula latifolia Vill.)2). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(8): 2283-2284, 1990.
CPB43:1385: Okada,Y,et al.1995.Search for Naturally Occurring Substances to Prevent the Complications of Diabetes.II.Inhibitory Effect of Coumarin and Flavonoid Derivatives on Bovine Lens Aldose Reductase and Rabbit Platelet Aggregation.Chem Pharm Bull43(8):1385-1387
CR57:420: Jim Duke's personal files
CWW: Wright,C.W.(Ed)2002.Medicinal&Aromatic Plants-Industrial Profiles.Artemisia.344pp.Maffei,M.(Ed)2002.Vetiveria.The Genus Vetiveria.Taylor&Francis.NY,NY.191pp.Southwell,I.,Lowe,R.(Eds)1999.Tea Tree.The Genus Melaleuca.Harwood Acad.Pub.Amsterdam,Netherlands.
DND23:676: Jim Duke's personal files
DUKE1992A: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.
DUKE1992B: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their activities. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.
EB30:103: Jim Duke's personal files
EB44:68.1990: Schultes, R.E. De Plantis Toxicariis e Mundo Novo Tropicale Commentationes XXXVI. Justicia (Acanthaceae) as a Source of an Hallucinogenic Snuff. Economic Botany 44(1): 61-70, 1990.
EJP331:253: Jim Duke's personal files
EMM18:28: Kauderer, B., Zamith, H., Paumgartten, F.J.R., and Speit, G. Evaluation of the Mutagenicity of B-Myrcene in Mammalian Cells In Vitro. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 18: 28-34, 1991.
EMP5:195: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 195.
EMP6:165: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 165
EMP6:235: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.
FEL: Jim Duke's personal files
FFJ9:129: Flav. & Frag. J. 9: 129.
FT59:465: Fitoterapia No.59-1984.
FT62:166: Fitoterapia No.62: 166.
FT62:170: Parveen, N. 1991. Antifilarial Activity of Vitex negundo Against Setaria cervi. Fitoterapia, 62(2): 163, 1991.
FT62:86: Singh*, G., Upadhyay, R.K. 1990. Fungitoxic Activity of Cumaldehyde, Main Constituent of the Cuminum cyminum Oil. Fitoterapia 62(1): 86, 1991.
FT63(1):3: Jim Duke's personal files
FT67:279: Jim Duke's personal files
FT71:S131: Jim Duke's personal files
GPH27:629: Chen, S. J., Wang, M. H., Chen, I. J. 1996. Antiplatelet and Calcium Inhibitory Properties of Eugenol and Sodium Eugenol Acetate. Gen Pharmacol, 27(4): 629-633.
HG17: HerbalGram No. 17.
HG20:9: HerbalGram No. 20, page 9.
HG22:45: HerbalGram No. 22 - Spring 1990, page 45.
HH2: Hansel, R., Keller, K., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1992. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Drogen (A-D), 1209 pp., 1993 (E-O), 970 pp., 1994 (P-Z), 1196 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
HH3: Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
HHB: List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.
HHM7:7: Jim Duke's personal files
IJI10:729: Int. J. Immunopharmacology. Vol 10: 729, 1988.
IJI10:735: Int. J. Immunopharmacology. Vol 10: 735, 1988.
IJO15(4):194: Internat. J. Oriental Med. 15(4): 194, 1990+
IJP33:7: Pandeya, S.N. 1970. Biological Activity of Adamantyl Derivatives. The Indian Journal of Pharmacy, 33: 7.
ISA14:93: Bettarini, F., Borgonovi, G.E., et al. 1991. Antiparasitic Compounds from East African Plants: Isolation and Biological Activity of Anonaine, Matricarianol, Canthin-6-One and Caryophyllene Oxide. Insect Sci. Applic. 14(1): 93-99, 1993.
J14432: Jim Duke's personal files
JA6(4):33: Jim Duke's personal files.
JA6(4):40: Jim Duke's personal files.
JAF40:2329: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF40:2330: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF41:1103: Muroi, H. and Kubo, I. 1993. Combination Effects of Antibacterial Compounds in Green Tea Flavor against Streptococcus mutans. J. Agric. Food Chem. 41: 1102-1105.
JAF43:2144: Yu, S.G., Anderson, P.J., and Elson, C.E. 1995. Efficacy of B-Ionone in the Chemoprevention of Rat Mammary Carcinogenesis. J. Agric. Food Chem. 43: 2144-2147.
JAF43:2283: J. Agric. Food Chem. 43: 2283.
JAF44:2802: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF45:3276: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF45:578: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF45:677: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF46:3434: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF46:4545: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF47:4574: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:1389: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:4576: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:4586: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:5878: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF52:2507: Jim Duke's personal files
JAR10:7: Jim Duke's personal files
JAR12:99: Jim Duke's personal files
JAR4:22: J. Aromatherapy 4: 22.
JAR8:2: Jim Duke's personal files
JAR9(4):182: Jim Duke's personal files
JBH: Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
JE26:72: Jim Duke's personal files
JE26:74: Jim Duke's personal files
JEO2:185: Buchbauer, G., Jirovetz*, L., Nikiforov, A., Remberg, G., Raverdino, V. 1989. Headspace-Analysis and Aroma Compounds of Austrian Hay-Blossoms (Flores Graminis, Graminis Flos) used in Aromatherapy. J. Ess. Oil Res., 2: 185-191, 1990.
JFH33(6):569: J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jap. 33(6): 569.
JN127:668: Jim Duke's personal files
JNM1:10: Jim Duke's personal files.
JNP49:5750: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP55:999: Zheng, G-Q., Kenney, P.M., and Lam, L.K.T. Sesquiterpenes From Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) As Potential Anticarcinogenic Agents. Journal of Natural Products 55(7): 999-1003, 1992.
JNP57:658: Denyer, C.V., Jackson, P., Loakes, D.M., Ellis, M.R., and Yound, D.A.B. Isolation of Antirhinoviral Sesquiterpenes From Ginger (Zingiber officinale). Journal of Natural Products, 57(5): 658-662, 1994.
JNP59:823: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP59:843: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP65:1517: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP65:953: Jim Duke's personal files
JNU: Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY.
JPP42:194: Gawron, A., Gorski*, G., Glowniak**, K. 1989. Increased proliferation of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human leucocytes after 8-methoxypsoralen treatment. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 194-195, 1990.
JPP42:877: Rao, V.S.N., Menezes, A.M.S., Viana, G.S.B. 1990. Effect of myrcene on nociception in mice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 877-878, 1990.
JPP46:16: Yamamoto, A., Umemori, S., and Muranishi, S. 1993. Absorption Enhancement of Intrapulmonary Administered Insulin by Various Absorption Enhancers and Protease Inhibitors in Rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46: 14-18, 1994.
JSPR22:141: J. Stored. Prod. Res., 22:141, 1986.
JSPR22:141.1986: Jim Duke's personal files
K16299: Jim Duke's personal files
K26575: Jim Duke's personal files
KCH: Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.
LAB58: Jim Duke's personal files
LAF: Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.
LAF337: Jim Duke's personal files
LIP32:151: Jim Duke's personal files
LRN-DEC93: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Dec-93.
LRN-JAN91: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Jan-91.
LRN-JUL87: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Jul-87.
LRN-JUN90: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Jun-90.
LRN-SEP97: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Sep-97.
M&R154: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R184: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R333: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R367: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R486: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R488: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R489: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R503: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R520: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R521: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R523: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R618: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R683: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R722: Jim Duke's personal files
M11: Merck 11th Edition
M29: Martindale's 29th
M29:1064: Jim Duke's personal files
MAB: Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.
MAD: Madaus, G. 1976. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Hilfmittel. Vol,. 1-3. 2862 pp. (+ 144 p. index). Georg Olms Verlag, Hildescheim. Reprint of 1938 Madaus.
MAR: Martindale's 28th
MED: Medline (post 1990 searches filed in my computer)
MED'95: Jim Duke's personal files
MIK: Michael Castleman 1991. The Healing Herbs. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA 436 pp.
NIG: Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.
PCF-I:200: Jim Duke's personal files
PCF:219: Jim Duke's personal files
PH2: Jim Duke's personal files
PHM7:7: Jim Duke's personal files
PIZ: Pizzorno, J. 1998. Total Wellness. Prima Health, a division of Prima.
PJB1(2):263: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(2):269: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(3):238: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(3):242: Jim Duke's personal files
PM&T20:213.1986: Jim Duke's personal files.
PM186:1986: Jim Duke's personal files
PM1987:526: Gawron, A. and Glowniak, K. 1987. Cytostatic Activity of Coumarins in vitro. Planta Medica 1987: 526.
PM55:663: Planta Medica, 55: 663.
PM56(6):671: Planta Medica, 56(6): 671, 1990.
PM56:173: Jim Duke's personal files
PMP22:233: Jim Duke's personal files
PMP23:60: Jim Duke's personal files
POP:150: Jim Duke's personal files
POP:270: Jim Duke's personal files
PPL7:187: Jim Duke's personal files
PR14:240: Jim Duke's personal files
PR14:303: Jim Duke's personal files
PR14:401: Jim Duke's personal files
PR14:495: Jim Duke's personal files
PR14:623: Jim Duke's personal files
PR4:93: Phytotherapy Research, 4: 93.
PR4:95: Phytotherapy Research, 4: 95.
RAI: Taylor, Leslie. 2005. The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs. SquareOne Publisher, Garden City Park, NY. 519 pp.
RIE12:5: Revista Itiliana Eppos, 12: 5, 1994.
RIN: Rinzler, C. A. 1990. The Complete Book of Herbs, Spices and Condiments. Facts on File, New York. 199 pp.
RJH: R.J. Hixtable (Huxtable, R.J. (as T. Max). 1992. This and That:The Essential Pharmacology of Herbs and Spices. Tips 13:15-20 Huxtable, R.J. 1992b. The Myth of Benficent Nature. The Risk of Herbal Preparations. Anns. Intern. Med. 117(2):165-6; Huxtable, R.
SHT158: Jim Duke's personal files
SN145:294: Science News, 145: 294.
SPI:282: Jim Duke's personal files
SZ44:183: Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 44: 183.
TOX: Keeler, R.F. and Tu, A.T. eds. 1991. Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds. (Handbook of Natural Toxins Vol. 6) Marcel Dekker, Inc. NY. 665 pp.
TOX107:39: Jim Duke's personal files
TYK1992:95: Okamura, K., Iwakami, S., Matsunaga, T. 1992. Biological Activity of Monoterpenes from Trees. Toyama-Ken Yakuji Kenkyusho Nenpo, (20): 95-101.
V&D: Vlietinck, A.J. and Dommisse, R.A. eds. 1985. Advances in Medicinal Plant Research. Wiss. Verlag. Stuttgart.
VAL: Valnet, J. 1982. The Practice of Aromatherapy. Translated from the 1980 French Edition by Robin Campbell and Libby Houston. Destiny Books, New York. 279 pp.
VET94: Tyler, V.E.. 1994.
W&W: Wagner & Wolff, eds. 1977. New Natural Products (RS164. I56. 176)
WER: Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
WO2: Wealth of India.
WO3: Jim Duke's personal files
WOI: ANON. 1948-1976. The Wealth of India raw materials. Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi. 11 volumes.
X10408241: Jim Duke's personal files
X10434134: Jim Duke's personal files
X10606544: Jim Duke's personal files
X10701181: Jim Duke's personal files
X10823671: Jim Duke's personal files
X10826162: Jim Duke's personal files
X10826719: Jim Duke's personal files
X10871845: Jim Duke's personal files
X11085358: Jim Duke's personal files
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YAK112:645: Yamahara, J., et al. Stomachic principles in ginger. II. Pungent and anti-ulcer effects of low polar constituents isolated from ginger, the dried rhizoma of... Yakugaku Zasshi 112: 645-655 (1992).
ZEB: Zebovitz, T. C. Ed. 1989. Part VII. Flavor and Fragrance Substances, in Keith L. H. and Walters, D.B., eds. Compendium of Safety Data Sheets for Research and Industrial Chemicals. VCH Publishers, New York. 3560-4253.
ppm = parts per million
tr = trace