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Observations placeholder

Dr Duke's list of Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Aloe vera (L.) BURM. f. (Aloeaceae) -- Aloe, Bitter Aloes

Identifier

020980

Type of Spiritual Experience

Background

A description of the experience

Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Aloe vera (L.) BURM. f. (Aloeaceae) -- Aloe, Bitter Aloes


Chemicals

-D-GLUCITOL Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

1,8-DIHYDROXYANTHRACENE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

2-METHYL-2-PHYTYL-6-CHROMANOL Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

7-HYDROXY-CHROMONE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

7-HYDROXYALOIN Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

8-METHYL-TOCOL Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALANINE Leaf 15,769 ppm; POAS58 1978

Antioxidant PC27:969 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Oxidant PC27:969

ALBUMIN Leaf 1 - 5 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALEOSONE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALIINASE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALOCUTIN-A Plant: DUKE1992A

Analgesic PEP ; Cancer-Agglutinator PEP ; Complementary-Activator PEP ; Hemagglutinator PEP ; Lymphogenic PEP

ALOE-EMODIN Plant: DUKE1992A

Antibacterial MIC=2-64 ug/ml; Antiherpetic AAC35:2463 ; Antileukemic; Antisalmonella CAN ; Antiseptic X10478467 ; Antistaphylococcic X10478467 ; Antitumor 1 ug/ml; Antiviral; Arylamine-N-Acetyltransferase-Inhibitor PH2 ; Calcium-Antagonist (strong activity); Candidicide MIC=25-250 ug/ml X10967452 ; Cathartic M11 ; Cytotoxic 20 ppm DUKE1992B ; Estrogenic X18563353 ; Fungicide MIC=25-250 ug/ml X10967452 ; Genotoxic JBH ; Laxative AEH113 ; Mutagenic AEH113 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Purgative ED50=>59.6 mg/kg orl mus IJO16:195 ; Termitifuge JBH ; Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor 1 mM MR371:165 IC50=741 uM/ml BBA1428:406 ; Tuberculostatic PEP

ALOE-EMODIN-ANTHRANOL Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALOENIN Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALOESIN Plant: DUKE1992A

Purgative PJB1(1) ; Sunscreen AllHerb1998

ALOESOL Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALOESONE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALOETIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALOETIN Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALOETINIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALOINOSE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALOINOSIDE-A Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALOINS Plant 270,000 - 300,000 ppm MPI

No activity reported.

ALPHA-CELLULOSE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALUMINUM Leaf 22 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antisilicotic MPT ; Antivaginitic MAR ; Candidicide MAR ; Encephalopathic M29 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

AMYLASE Leaf 20 ppm; DUKE1992A

Sedative DUKE1992B

ANTHRACENE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ANTHRANOLS Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ANTHRAQUINONE-GLYCOSIDE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ANTHRAQUINONES Plant: DUKE1992A

Antilithic PAM ; Bird-Repellent M11 ; Carcinogenic DUKE1992B ; Laxative PAM ; Litholytic PAM ; Toxic 15

ANTHROL Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

APOISE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ARABINAN Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ARABINOSE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ARGININE Leaf 78,216 ppm; POAS58 1978

Antidiabetic? WIC ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antihepatitic M29 ; Antihypertensive NP6:1 ; Antiimpotence JMF1(3) ; Antiinfertility 4 g/day WER ; Antioxidant? PC27:976 ; Aphrodisiac 3 g/day; Diuretic BJP3:10 ; Hypoammonemic JBH ; NO-Genic JMF1(3) ; Pituitary-Stimulant PJB1(2):260 ; Spermigenic 4 g/day WER ; Vasodilator NP6:1

ASCORBIC-ACID Leaf 6,260 ppm; DUKE1992A

Acidulant FEMA 6,000 ARC ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor SYN-X ; Analgesic 5-10 g/day; Angiotensin-Receptor-Blocker NP6:1 ; AntiAGE 2,000 mg/day SYN-X ; Antiaggregant SYN-X ; Antiaging 400 mg/day; Antiallergic PIL ; Antialzheimeran 2,000-6,000 mg/day; Antiarthritic 0.2-1 g/day; Antiasthmatic 1,000 mg/day WER ; Antiatherosclerotic; Antibacterial DAS ; Anticataract 1 g 3x/day 350 mg/day WER 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Anticervicaldysplasic 1,000-2,000 mg/day; AntiCFS 500-1,000 mg TE2 ; Anticlimacteric 500-5,000 mg/day WAF ; Anticold 1-2 g/man/day; AntiCrohn's 50-100 mg/day/orl/man M29 ; AntiCTS 1,000 mg 3x/day WAF ; Antidecubitic 500 mg/man/2x/day MAR ; Antidementia MPP ; Antidepressant 2,000 mg/day WER ; Antidiabetic SYN-X ; Antidote (Aluminum) EMP6:189 ; Antidote (Cadmium) DAS ; Antidote (Lead) DAS ; Antidote (Paraquat) MAR ; Antieczemic 3.5-5 g/day WER ; Antiedemic 1 g/man/day DAS ; Antiencephalitic DAS ; Antiendometriotic 2,000 mg/day WAF ; Antifatigue 500-1,000 mg TE2 ; Antifibrotic 1,000-2,000 mg WAF ; Antigallstone 1,000-3,000 mg/day WAF ; Antigastritic PIL ; Antigingivitic; Antiglaucomic 2 g/day WER ; Antihangover 1,000 mg WAF ; Antihemorrhagic 1 g/man/day DAS ; Antihepatitic 2-6 g/man/day DAS ; Antihepatotoxic EMP6:189 ; Antiherpetic 1-5 g/day; Antihistaminic 2 g/day orl man; Antihypertensive NP6:1 ; Antiinfertility 1 g/day WER ; Antiinflammatory PAM ; Antilepric 1.5 g/man/day MAR ; Antilithic 1,000-3,000 mg/day WAF ; AntiLyme 500-2,000 mg KEN ; Antimaculitic; Antimeasles DAS ; Antimenopausal 500-5,000 mg/day WAF ; Antimigraine M29 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antineuramidase X634178 ; Antinitrosic 1 g/man/day MAR ; Antiobesity 1 g 3x/day WER ; Antiorchitic DAS ; Antiosteoarthritic 1 g 2x/day WER ; Antiosteoporotic 500 mg/day; Antioxidant 100 ppm DUKE1992B ; Antiparkinsonian 1 g 2-3x/day; Antiparotitic DAS ; Antiperiodontitic 1 g 2x/day WER ; Antipneumonic PAM ; Antipodriac DAS ; Antipoliomyelitic DAS ; Antipyretic EMP6:189 ; Antiradicular SYN-X ; AntiRaynaud's 500 mg 1-2x/day WAF ; Antiretinotic PIL ; Antirheumatic MPP ; Antirhinitic 1,000 mg 3x/day WAF ; Antiscorbutic 10 mg/man/day MAR ; Antiseptic 4-8 g/day SYN-X MIC=3.3-217 mg/ml MAR ; Antishingles DAS ; Antispasmodic 500-5,000 mg/day WAF ; Antistress 500-1,000 mg; Antisyndrome-X 1-4 g/day SYN-X ; Antitumor (Gastric) PIL ; Antitumor (Lung) NR54:S71 ; Antiulcer; Antiviral 1-5 g/day; Apoptotic 1-10 mM BO2 ; Asthma-preventive 1,000 mg/day/orl PAM ; Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Blocker NP6:1 ; Beta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor 1.5 g/day/man BO2 ; Calcium-Antagonist NP6:1 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cardioprotective PIL ; Cold-preventive 1-2 g/day DAS ; Collagenic BO2 ; Detoxicant DUKE1992B ; Diuretic 700 mg/man/orl NP6:1 ; Fistula-Preventive PAM ; Hypocholesterolemic 300-1,000 mg/day DAS ; Hypoglycemic SYN-X ; Hypotensive 1,000 mg/man/day; Immunomodulator PIL ; Immunostimulant SYN-X ; Interferonogenic PAM ; Lithogenic DAS ; Mucolytic 1 g/woman/day MAR ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Uricosuric 4 g/man/day DAS ; Urinary-Acidulant M29 ; Vasodilator NP6:1 ; Vulnerary PAM

ASPARTIC-ACID Plant 31,545 ppm; POAS58 1978

Antimorphinic MAR ; Neuroexcitant MAR ; Roborant M11

BARBALOIN Plant 42,400 ppm; MPI

Antibacterial DUKE1992B ; Antihistaminic IC50=20-60 ug/ml JJT39:395 ; Antitubercular DUKE1992B ; Laxative 500 uM CPB38:197 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Purgative ED50=15 mg/kg orl mus IJO16:211

BENZYL-ACETONE Plant: DUKE1992A

Antitussive DUKE1992B

BETA-BARBALOIN Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

BETA-CAROTENE Leaf 3 ppm; DUKE1992A

Allergenic M&R610 ; Androgenic? PAM ; Antiacne PAM ; Antiaging DUKE1992B ; Antiarthritic MPP ; Antiasthmatic PAM ; Anticancer JNU ; Anticarcinomic PAM ; Anticervicaldysplasic MPP ; Anticoronary 50 mg/man/2 days CMR3/4/91:16 ; Antihyperkeratotic; Antiichythyotic PAM ; Antileukoplakic; Antilipoperoxidant IC71=50 ug/ml X16277432 ; Antilupus 150 mg/man/day/2 mos MAR ; Antimaculitic; Antimastitic PAM ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antioxidant PAM ; Antiozenic DUKE1992B ; Antipapillomic MPP ; Antiphotophobic 30-300 mg/man/day M29 ; Antipityriasic PAM ; AntiPMS JAFC34:409 ; Antiporphyric MAR ; Antiproliferant JNU ; Antipsoriac PAM ; Antiradicular PAM ; Antirheumatic MPP ; Antistress DAS ; Antitumor HSC25:1495 ; Antitumor (Breast) IC45=60 ug/ml X16277432 ; Antitumor (CNS) IC43=45 ug/ml X16277432 ; Antitumor (Colon) X16277432 ; Antitumor (Lung) IC30=60 ug/ml X16277432 ; Antitumor (Prostate) MES ; Antitumor (Stomach) IC26=45 ug/ml X16277432 ; Antiulcer 12 mg 3x/day/man/orl PAM 15,000-25,000 IU/day WAF ; Antixerophthalmic DAS ; Cancer-Preventive 22 ppm 505 ; Chemopreventive MES ; Colorant JBH ; COX-1-Inhibitor IC78=50 ug/ml X16277432 ; COX-2-Inhibitor IC82=50 ug/ml X16277432 ; Gastroprotective X6654625 ; Immunostimulant 180 mg/man/day/orl PAM ; Interferon-Synergist PJB1(2):264 ; Mucogenic PAM ; Phagocytotic PAM ; Prooxidant 20 ug/g JAF44:2096 ; Thymoprotective PAM ; Ubiquiot JBH

BETA-SITOSTEROL Plant: DUKE1992A

Androgenic DUKE1992B ; Angiogenic X11988857 ; Anorexic MAR ; Antiadenomic M11 ; Antiandrogenic JE28:221 ; Antibacterial QJC28:155 ; Anticancer (Breast) PS131:95 ; Anticancer (Cervix) PJB1(2):287 ; Anticancer (Lung) PJB1(2):287 ; Antiedemic IC54=320 mg/kg orl DFN:160 ; Antiestrogenic JE28:221 ; Antifeedant 382 ; Antifertility JE28:221 ; Antigonadotrophic JE28:221 ; Antihyperlipoproteinaemic JBH ; Antiinflammatory; Antileukemic PJB1(2):287 ; Antilymphomic PJB1(2):287 ; Antimutagenic 250 ug/ml JAFC37:1365 ; Antiophidic 2.3 mg mus EMP5:363 ; Antioxidant IC44=10 uM JMF5:1 ; Antiprogestational JE28:221 ; Antiprostaglandin 30 mg/day/12 wks FT68(4):291 ; Antiprostatadenomic M11 ; Antiprostatitic 10-20 mg 3 x/day/orl man; Antipyretic HDN ; Antitumor (Breast) PS131:95 ; Antitumor (Cervix) PJB1(2):287 ; Antitumor (Lung) PJB1(2):287 ; Antiviral PS75:161 ; Apoptotic X17350814 ; Artemicide LC50=110 ppm PC29(5):1667 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidicide QJC28:155 ; Caspase-8-Inducer X17358014 ; Estrogenic PHM9:52 ; Febrifuge HDN ; Gonadotrophic JE28:221 ; Hepatoprotective PMP23:60 ; Hypocholesterolemic 2-6 g/man/day/orl M30 9-3,330 mg/man/day/orl MAR ; Hypoglycemic JE27:243 ; Hypolipidemic 2-6 g/day; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spermicide JE28:221 ; Ubiquiot JBH ; Ulcerogenic 500 mg/kg ipr rat FT63(1):3

CALCIUM Leaf 190 - 4,600 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiallergic 500 mg/day; Antianxiety DAS ; Antiarrhythmic 500-1,500 mg RAF ; Antiarthritic 1,000 mg/day WAF ; Antiatherosclerotic 500 mg/day WER ; Anticlimacteric 1,000-1,500 mg/day WAF ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antidote (Aluminum) DAS ; Antidote (Lead) DAS ; Antihyperkinetic DAS ; Antihypertensive; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antimenopausal; Antiobesity PIL ; Antiosteoporotic 500-2,000 mg/day; Antiperiodontitic 750 mg/day WER ; AntiPMS 1 g/day; Antirheumatic 1,000 mg/day WAF ; Antistress 500-1,500 mg/day WAF ; Antitic DAS ; Anxiolytic; Calcium-Channel-Blocker NP6:1 ; Diuretic NP6:1 ; Hypocholesterolemic 500 mg/day WER ; Hypotensive 1 g/day WER ; Laxative 1,000-1,200 mg WAF ; Tranquilizer 500-1,500 mg/day WAF ; Vasodilator NP6:1

CALCIUM-OXALATE Plant: DUKE1992A

Emetic PJB1(1):169 ; Inflammatory PJB1(1):169 ; Laxative PJB1(1):169 ; Lithogenic PJB1(1):169

CAMPESTEROL Plant: DUKE1992A

Antioxidant IC37=10 uM JMF5:1 ; Hypocholesterolemic JAD

CARBOHYDRATES Leaf 896,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CASANTHRANOL-I Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CASANTHRANOL-II Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CATALASE Plant: DUKE1992A

Antioxidant 505

CHLORIDE Leaf 10 - 110 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CHOLESTEROL Leaf 40 - 120 ppm DUKE1992A

Antioxidant IC43=10 uM JMF5:1

CHOLINE Plant: DUKE1992A

Antialzheimeran 5-16 g/man/day; Antichoreic DAS ; Anticirrhotic 6,000 mg/man/day DUKE1992B ; Anticystinuric DUKE1992B ; Antidementia PJB1(1):171 ; Antidiabetic DUKE1992B ; Antidyskinetic 150-200 mg/kg/man/day MAR ; Antihomocysteine SN160:282 ; Antimanic 15-30 g/man/day/orl PAM ; Antinociceptive X579998 ; Antisteatotic JN133:1302 ; Cardiodepressant SN160:282 ; Cerebrotonic SN160:282 ; Cholinergic CAN ; Hepatoprotective JN127:893S ; Hypotensive DUKE1992B ; Ileorelaxant FT1990:509 ; Lipotropic JE26:86 ; Memorigenic SN160:282 ; Parasympathomimetic (1/1,000th acetylcholine) HDN

CHOLINE-SALICYLATE Plant: DUKE1992A

Analgesic MAR ; Antiotalgic MAR

CHROMIUM Leaf: DUKE1992A

Amphiglycemic? DAS ; Antiacne MPP ; AntiAGE 200-1,000 ug SYN-X ; Antiaging SYN-X ; Antiatherosclerotic 20 ug/day; AntiCFS 200 ug TE2 ; Anticorneotic DAS ; Antidiabetic 200-1,000 ug; Antidote (Lead) DAS ; Antifatigue 200 ug TE2 ; Antiglycosuric 200-1,000 ug; Antiobesity SYN-X ; Antisyndrome-X 200-800 ug SYN-X ; Antitriglyceride 20 ug/day WER 200-1,000 ug SYN-X ; Cardioprotective PIL ; Energizer HYL ; Hypocholesterolemic 20 ug/day WER 200-1,000 ug SYN-X ; Hypoglycemic SYN-X ; Hypotensive SYN-X ; Immunomodulator HYL ; Insulinogenic DUKE1992B ; Memorigenic HYL

CHRYSAMMINIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CHRYSOPHANIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A

Antispasmodic FT57:271.1986 ; Calcium-Antagonist K10848 ; Fungicide DUKE1992B ; Keratitigenic M&R ; Occuloirritant M&R ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

CHRYSOPHANOL Plant: DUKE1992A

Antibacterial QJC28:155 ; Antiseptic DUKE1992B ; Calcium-Antagonist 5/6 aloeemodin LAB107 ; Candidicide QJC28:155 ; Cathartic DUKE1992B ; Hemostat DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Pigment JBH ; Purgative ED50=>500 mg/kg orl mus IJO16:195 ; Termitifuge JBH

CHRYSOPHANOL-GLYCOSIDE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CINNAMIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 4 ug/ml (weak activity) SKN43:99 ; Allergenic M&R317 ; Anesthetic DUKE1992B ; Antibacterial MAR ; Antiinflammatory PMP25:55 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antispasmodic JBH ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Choleretic DUKE1992B ; Dermatitigenic JBH ; FLavor FEMA 4-40 ARC ; Fungicide DUKE1992B ; Herbicide DUKE1992B ; Laxative DUKE1992B ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor RWG141 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Tyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=700 uM; Vermifuge JE26:81

COBALT Leaf: DUKE1992A

Cardiomyopathogenic DAS ; Erythrocytogenic DAS

CONIFERYL-ALCOHOL Plant: DUKE1992A

Antiaggregant IC50=29 uM PR4(3):93 ; Antioxidant EC50=13-18 ug/ml JAF50:5850 ; Antiprostaglandin RWG27 ; Antiradicular JAF50:5850 ; Fungicide ED50=125 ug/ml 438 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

COUMARIN Plant: DUKE1992A

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 10 ug/ml cow (weak activity, 11% inhibition) CPB43:1385 ; Allelochemic IC100=2 mM 438 ; Analgesic ZEB ; Anesthetic EB30:103 ; Antiaggregant DUKE1992B ; Antiandrogenic PM56(6):671 ; Antibrucellosic JPP42:194 ; Anticancer (Kidney) 400-7,000 mg/day MAB ; Anticancer (Prostate) MAB ; Antidiuretic CAN117 ; Antiedemic CPB38:2283 ; Antiesherichic JBH ; Antiinflammatory CPB38:2283 ; Antilymphedemic MAB ; Antimelanomic 50 mg/day; Antimetastatic 50 mg/man/day MAB ; Antimitotic IJP33:7 ; Antimononuccleotic MAB ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antimycoplasmotic MAB ; Antipsittacotic MAB ; Antipsoriac IJP33:7 ; Antitoxoplasmotic MAB ; Antitumor 50 mg/day; Antitumor (GI) JAR9(4):182 ; Antitumor (Kidney) 400-7,000 mg/day MAB ; Antitumor (Prostate) MAB ; Bacteristat JBH ; Bruchiphobe DUKE1992B ; Cancer-Preventive 5-25 ug/ml PM1987:526 ; Carcinogenic 200 mg/kg orl mus MAB ; Cardiodepressant; Cardiotonic FEL ; Chemopreventive JAR9(4):182 ; DME-Inhibitor IC50=57.5 uM ACM:134 ; Emetic DUKE1992B ; Estrogenic CAN ; Fungicide JBH ; Hemorrhagic JBH ; Hepatotoxic 0.8-1.71 mM/kg orl rat 100 mg/kg dog ARO95:21 2,500 ppm diet ARO95:21 ; Hypnotic EB44:68.1990 ; Hypoglycemic 250-1,000 mg/kg orl EMP6:165 ; Immunostimulant; Juvabional 382 ; Larvistat JBH ; Lymphocytogenic 100 mg/day JPP42:194 ; Lymphokinetic PH2 ; Narcotic FEL ; Ovicide DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Phagocytotic PM56(6):671 ; Piscicide JBH ; Respirodepressant EB30:103 ; Rodenticide JBH ; Sedative EB44:68.1990

CREATININE Leaf 1 - 15 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

D-GALACTAN Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

D-GALACTOURONIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL)-PHTHALATE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

EMODIN Plant: DUKE1992A

AGEs-Inhibitor IC50=118 uM X17978503 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor IC50=15.9 uM X17978503 ; Allergenic CAN ; Antiaggregant JNP33(3):630 ; Antiangiogenic; Antibacterial BOI ; Anticytomegalovirus ED50=1.1 ug/ml HG40:23 ; Antifeedant 382 ; Antiinflammatory 15 mg/kg IJE29:230 ; Antileukemic JBH ; Antilymphomic JNM7:51 ; AntiMRSA MIC 2-64 ug/ml X10478467 ; Antimutagenic FVT29:765 ; Antineoplastic JNM7:51 ; Antiplaque ED50=1.1 ug/ml HG40:23 ; Antiproliferant IC50=20-30 uM BO2 ; Antisarcomic PJB1(1):174 ; Antiseptic DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic 411 ; Antisprout PJB1(1):174 ; Antitumor (Breast) IJO16:197 ; Antiulcer 15 mg/kg IJE29:230 ; Antivaginitic AKT ; Antiviral EC50=1.1 PM56(6):651 ED50=1.1 ug/ml HG40:23 ; Cathartic M11 ; CNS-Depressant 15 mg/kg ipr mus FT65(4):275 ; Collagenase-Inhibitor IC50=40 uM BO2 ; COX-2-Inhibitor; Cytotoxic CD50=2.6 ug/ml DUKE1992B ; Differentiator IC50=20-30 uM BO2 ; Estrogenic X18563353 ; Genotoxic AEH113 ; Gonadotropic JE26:82 ; Hypolipidemic BOI ; Immunostimulant BOI ; Immunosuppressant EJP198:211 ; iNOS-Inhibitor X12391547 ; Leucocytogenic BOI ; MMP-2-Inhibitor X19291397 ; MMP-7-Inhibitor X19291397 ; MMP-9-Inhibitor X19291397 ; Mutagenic AEH114 ; NO-Inhibitor IC50=60.7 uM X12391547 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; PGE2-Inhibitor X12391547 ; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor IC50=23 uM/ml BBA1428:406 ; Protein-Kinase-C-Inhibitor IC50=25 uM BO2 ; PTK-Inhibitor 10-100 uM IC50=19-37 uM BO2 ; Purgative ED50=>500 mg/kg orl mus IJO16:195 ; Styptic DUKE1992B ; Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor 1 mM MR371:165 IC50=7 uM/ml BBA1428:406 ; Trichomonicide JE40:111 ; Tyrosine-Kinase-Inhibitor PH2 ; Vasodilator EJP198:211 ; Vasorelaxant EJP198:211

FAT Leaf 8,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

FIBER Leaf 177,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

Angiotensin-Receptor-Blocker NP6:1 ; Antidiabetic DUKE1992B ; Antihypertensive NP6:1 ; Antiobesity DUKE1992B ; Antitumor PAM ; Antiulcer PAM ; Beta-Blocker NP6:1 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cardioprotective DUKE1992B ; Diuretic NP6:1 ; Hypocholesterolemic DUKE1992B ; Hypotensive 10 g/man/day/orl PAM ; Hypouricemic X12350076 ; Laxative DUKE1992B ; Vasodilator NP6:1

FOLACIN Leaf 0.027 - 0.2 ppm DUKE1992A

Antianemic 5-20 mg/man/day DUKE1992B ; Anticervicaldysplasic 8-30 mg/wmn/day/orl PAM ; Anticheilitic DAS ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antigingivitic 2-5 mg/day/man PAM ; Antiglossitic DAS ; Antimyelotoxic 5 mg/day/orl/man M29 ; Antineuropathic DAS ; Antiperiodontitic PAM ; Antiplaque PAM ; Antipsychotic M29 ; AntiSpina-Bifida DAS ; Hematopoietic M11 ; Uricosuric PAM ; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor PAM

FORMIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A

Acaricide X10826162 ; Antiseptic DUKE1992B ; Antisyncopic DUKE1992B ; Astringent M11 ; Corrosive ARC ; Counterirritant M11 ; FLavor FEMA 500-2,500 ARC ; Fungistat JBH ; Fungitoxic JBH ; Irritant M&R670 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Preservative ARC ; Toxic JBH

FRUCTOSE Plant: DUKE1992A

Antialcoholic JBH ; Antidiabetic JBH ; Antihangover DUKE1992B ; Antiketotic M11 ; Antinauseant JBH ; Laxative AJC62:1212 ; Neoplastic CRC ; Sweetener 2 x glucose JBH

GALACTOSE Plant: DUKE1992A

Sweetener 0.32 x sucrose MAR

GLOBULIN Leaf 2 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

GLUCOMANNAN Plant: DUKE1992A

Anorectic? M29 ; Antidiabetic LRN-JUL86 ; Hypocholesterolemic LRN-JUL86

GLUCOSAMINE Plant: DUKE1992A

Antiarthritic

GLUCOSE Leaf 280 - 1,030 ppm DUKE1992A

Acetylcholinergic DUKE1992B ; Antiedemic JBH ; Antihepatotoxic M11 ; Antiketotic M11 ; Antivaricose JBH ; Hyperglycemic M11 ; Memory-Enhancer SN138:189.1990

GLUTAMIC-ACID Leaf 43,256 ppm; POAS58 1978

Antialkali? 500-1,000 mg/day/orl/man M29 ; Antiepileptic DUKE1992B ; Antihyperammonemic M29 ; Antilithic PAM ; Antiprostatitic 125-250 mg 3 x/day WER ; Antiretardation JBH ; Anxiolytic M11 ; Neurotoxic JBH

GLUTAMINE Leaf 20,607 ppm; POAS58 1978

Antialcoholic 1,000 mg/man/day/orl PAM ; Antidepressant WER ; Antisickling JNP39:427 ; Antiulcer 1,600 mg/man/day/orl PAM ; Catabolic TRA

GLYCEROL Plant: DUKE1992A

Anticataract M29 ; Antiear-wax M29 ; Antiketotic M11 ; AntiMeniere's 1.5 g/kg M29 ; Antineuralgic M29 ; Arrhythmigenic M29 ; Emollient M11 ; Hyperglycemic M29

GLYCINE Leaf 5,030 ppm; POAS58 1978

Antiacid M29 ; Antialdosteronic PAM ; Antidote (Hypoglycin-A) M29 ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antigastritic M29 ; Antiprostatitic 125-250 mg 3 x/day WER ; Antipruritic M11 ; Antisickling PM56(1):41 ; Antiulcer M29 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Neuroinhibitor WER ; Uricosuric DUKE1992B

HECOGENIN Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

HEXAURONIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

HISTIDINE Leaf 2,327 ppm; POAS58 1978

Antiarteriosclerotic JE26:80 ; Antinephritic JBH ; Antioxidant PC27:976 ; Antiulcer JE26:80 ; Antiuremic JBH ; Essential JBH ; Oxidant PC27:976

HOMONATALOIN Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

HYDROCINNAMIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

HYDROXYMETHYLANTHRAQUINONE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

IRON Leaf 30 - 300 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiakathisic M29 ; Antianemic M29 ; Anticanker; Anticheilitic DAS ; Antimenorrhagic 100 mg/day/wmn/orl PAM ; Prooxidant PIL

ISOBARBALOIN Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ISOLEUCINE Leaf 8,526 ppm; POAS58 1978

Antiencephalopathic? M29 ; Antipellagric MAR ; Essential JBH

KILOCALORIES Leaf 2,800 /kg; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

L-ASPARAGINE Plant 45,449 ppm; POAS58 1978

No activity reported.

LEUCINE Leaf 6,952 ppm; POAS58 1978

Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Essential JBH

LIGNIN Plant: DUKE1992A

Antibacterial DUKE1992B ; Anticancer AFR27:209 ; Anticoronary AFR27:209 ; Antidiarrheic M29 ; AntiHIV DUKE1992B ; Antinitrosaminic AFR27:209 ; Antioxidant AFR27:209 ; Antitumor AFR27:209 ; Antiviral CPB38:3033 ; Chelator AFR27:209 ; Hypocholesterolemic AFR27:209 ; Laxative AFR27:209 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

LIPASE Leaf 16 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

LUPEOL Plant: DUKE1992A

Antiangiogenic 30-50 ug/ml PR4:341 ; AntiEBV JNP65:645 ; Antiedemic PM60:516 ; Antiflu JNP67:344 ; Antihyperglycemic JBH ; Antiinflammatory 1/3 Indomethacin PM60:516 ; Antilithic 25 mg/kg/day FT67:121 ; Antimalarial IC50=46.8 ug/ml JE15:204 ; Antioxalate 25 mg/kg/day FT67:121 ; Antioxidant FT67:121 ; Antiperoxidant FT67:121 ; Antiprostaglandin X11732756 ; Antirheumatic DUKE1992B ; Antitumor JBH ; Antiurethrotic DUKE1992B ; Antiviral JNP67:344 ; Cytotoxic 50-500 ppm DUKE1992B ; FPTase-Inhibitor IC50=65 ug/ml JNP59:658 ; Hypotensive JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; TOPO-2-Inhibitor IC50=10.4 uM JNP64:1545

LYSINE Leaf 7,748 ppm; POAS58 1978

Antialkalotic M29 ; Antiherpetic 0.5-3 g/day; Essential JBH ; Hypoarginanemic 250 mg/kg M29

M-PROTOCATECHUIC-ALDEHYDE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

MAGNESIUM Leaf 930 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antiaggregant 400 mg/day; Antialcoholic PIL ; Antianginal WER ; Antianorectic DAS ; Antianxiety WER ; Antiarrhythmic; Antiarthritic DAS ; Antiasthmatic PAM ; Antiatherosclerotic; Anticephalagic PIL ; AntiCFS PIL ; Anticlimacteric 500-750 mg/day; Anticonvulsant FAC ; Anticoronary 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antidiabetic 400-800 mg/man/day; Antidysmenorrheic 100 mg 4 x/day WER ; Antiendometriotic 500 mg/day WAF ; Antienterotic KEN ; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day; Antifatigue KEN ; Antifibromyalgic 200-300 mg 3x/day; Antigastrotic KEN ; Antiglaucomic ABEL1999 ; Antihyperkinetic DAS ; Antihypertensive NP6:1 ; Antihypoglycemic DAS ; Antiinflammatory 100 mg 4 x/day WER ; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antilithic PAM ; AntiLyme 400-1,000 mg; Antimastalgic PAM ; Antimenopausal 500-750 mg/day; Antimigraine 200 mg/day/man WER ; Antimitral-valve-prolapse PIL ; AntiMS; Antinephrolytic; Antineurotic DAS ; Antiosteoporotic 500-1,000 mg/day/wmn/orl; Antiplaque 500-1,000 mg/day WAF ; AntiPMS 400-800 mg/day/wmn orl 400-800 mg/day/wmn/orl; AntiRaynaud's 280-350 mg/day WAF ; Antiretinopathic 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Antispasmodic PIL ; Antispasmophilic 500 mg/day WER ; Antistress 500-750 mg/day WAF ; Antistroke 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Antisyndrome-X 400 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Anxiolytic 500-750 mg/day; Calcium-Antagonist; Cardioprotective PIL ; CNS-Depressant FAC ; Diuretic NP6:1 ; Hypocholesterolemic 400 mg/day WER ; Hypotensive 260-500 mg/day; Immunomodulator KEN ; Insulinogenic 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Laxative 300-500 mg/day; Litholytic PIL ; Myorelaxant 100 mg 4 x/day WER ; Neurotransmitter; Tranquilizer 500-750 mg/day WAF ; Uterorelaxant 100 mg 4 x/day WER ; Vasodilator

MANGANESE Leaf 6 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antialcoholic FHN ; Antianemic MAR ; Antiarthritic PIL ; Antidiabetic 10-30 mg/man/day 3-5 mg/day WER ; Antidiscotic DAS ; Antidyskinetic MAR ; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day WER ; Antiosteoporotic; Antiototic DAS ; Antioxidant PIL ; AntiPMS PIL ; Antisyndrome-X 10-30 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Hypoglycemic

MANNOSE Plant: DUKE1992A

Antiadhesive; Anticystitic 0.25-1 tsp 3-4 x/day orl man A&C3:269 ; AntiUTI PIL

MUCILAGE Plant: DUKE1992A

Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Demulcent PJB1(2):279 ; Hypocholesterolemic GAZ

MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES Plant: DUKE1992A

Immunostimulant PJB1(1):181

NATALOIN Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

NIACIN Leaf: DUKE1992A

Allergenic WER ; Antiacrodynic DUKE1992B ; Antiallergic 50 mg/2x/day WER ; Antialzheimeran PIL ; Antiamblyopic DUKE1992B ; Antianginal DUKE1992B ; Anticataract DUKE1992B ; Antichilblain JBH ; Anticonvulsant 3 g/day WER ; Antidementia PIL ; Antidermatitic DAS ; Antidiabetic DUKE1992B ; Antidysphagic DUKE1992B ; Antiepileptic WER ; Antihangover 50 mg WAF ; Antihistaminic 50 mg 2x/day WER ; Antihyperactivity 1.5-6 g/day WER ; Antiinsomnic 1 g/day WER ; AntiLyme 50 mg/day; AntiMeniere's JAD ; Antineuralgic DUKE1992B ; Antiparkinsonian 100 mg/day WER ; Antipellagric DAS ; AntiRaynaud's 1,500-4,000 mg/day WAF ; Antiscotomic DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic 100 mg 2x/day WER ; Antivertigo DUKE1992B ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cardioprotective PIL ; Circulotonic PIL ; Fibrinolytic MPP ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Hepatotoxic PIL ; Hypocholesterolemic 50-100 mg 3x/day; Hypoglycemic DUKE1992B ; Hypolipidemic RWG:17 ; Sedative PAM ; Serotoninergic PAM ; Vasodilator M29

NIACINAMIDE Plant: DUKE1992A

Antiinflammatory PAM

OXIDASE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

P-COUMARIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 4 ug/ml (weak activity) SKN43:99 ; Allelopathic JBH ; Antibacterial PHZ46:156 ; Anticlastogen X9025787 ; Antifertility AEHD1:84 ; Antihepatotoxic JBH ; Antileukemic IC50=25-56 ug/ml AJC31:37 ; Antinitrosaminic JNU ; Antioxidant 1/3 BHA JAF50:889 IC24=30 ppm; Antiperoxidant IC50=>100 uM PM57:A54 ; Antiseptic X15712986 ; Antispasmodic CAN ; Antitumor; Cancer-Preventive; Chemopreventive X15712986 ; Choleretic DUKE1992B ; Cytotoxic JBH ; Diaphoretic? LRN-DEC90 ; Fungicide NIG ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC11=5 mM JAF38:688 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Prostaglandigenic RWG27 ; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor DUKE1992B ; Tyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=3,650 uM JAF51:2837

P-METHOXY-HYDROCINNAMIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

P-METHOXYBENZYLACETONE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PECTIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PHENYLALANINE Leaf 7,103 ppm; POAS58 1978

AntiADD 587 mg/day/orl M29 ; Antidepressant 50-4,000 mg/day/man; Antiparkinsonian 200-500 mg/day/man MAR ; Antisickling 690 ug/ml; Antivitiligic 100 mg/kg/day/orl/man M29 ; Monoamine-Precursor PAM ; Tremorigenic 1,600-12,600 mg/man/day MAR

PHOSPHORUS Leaf 6 - 940 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiosteoporotic DAS ; Anxiolytic WAF ; Immunostimulant DAS ; Osteogenic DAS

PHYTOSTEROLS Plant: DUKE1992A

Antiprostatotic; Hypocholesterolemic MPP

POLYPHENOLS Plant: DUKE1992A

Anthelmintic JNP59:205 ; Antiangiogenic X15629234 ; Antibacterial JE26:74 ; Anticariogenic JNP59:205 ; Antidiarrheic DUKE1992B ; Antidysenteric DUKE1992B ; Antihepatotoxic JNP59:205 ; AntiHIV JNP59:205 ; Antihypertensive JNP59:205 ; Antilipolytic JNP59:205 ; Antimutagenic DUKE1992B ; Antiophidic EMP5:363 ; Antioxidant IC50=1.44 ug/ml CPB38:1051 ; Antiradicular 500 mg/kg/day orl mus CPB38:1049 ; Antirenitic CPB38:1049 ; Antitumor JNP59:205 ; Antiulcer JNP59:205 ; Antiviral; Cancer-Preventive HG22:14 ; Chelator JNP59:205 ; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Glucosyl-Transferase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Immunosuppressant RWG29 ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; MAO-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Psychotropic CPB38:1049 ; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor JNP59:205

POLYURONIDE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

POTASSIUM Leaf 100 - 850 ppm DUKE1992A

Angiotensin-Receptor-Blocker NP6:1 ; Antiarrhythmic DAS ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antifatigue DAS ; Antihypertensive; Antispasmodic DAS ; Antistroke; Anxiolytic WAF ; Beta-Blocker NP6:1 ; Cardioprotective 3,000-5,000 mg PIL ; Cardiotoxic 18,000 mg/man/day DUKE1992B ; Diuretic NP6:1 ; Hypotensive; Vasodilator NP6:1

PROLINE Leaf 3,339 ppm; POAS58 1978

No activity reported.

PROTEIN Leaf 10,000 - 57,000 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PROTEINASE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PTEROYLGLUTAMIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PURINE Leaf 1 - 56 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

QUINONE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

RESIN Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

RESITANNOLS Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

RHAMNOSE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

RHEIN Plant: DUKE1992A

Antibacterial QJC28:155 ; Anticarcinomic IJO16:197 ; Anticariogenic PHZ49:681 ; Anticytomegalovirus ED50=1.1 ug/ml HG40:23 ; Antineoplastic JNM7:51 ; Antiplaque ED50=0.6 ug/ml HG40:23 ; Antiseptic DUKE1992B ; Antitumor LTN-APR-92 ; Antiviral EC50=1.1 PM56(6):651 ED50=0.61 ug/ml HG40:23 ; Calcium-Antagonist 9/10 aloeemodin; Candidicide QJC28:155 ; Cathartic PC29(10):3095 ; Cytotoxic CD50=3.4 ug/ml DUKE1992B ; Fungicide JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Proteinase-Inhibitor DUKE1992B ; Purgative ED50=97.5 mg/kg orl mus IJO16:195

RIBOFLAVIN Leaf: DUKE1992A

Antiarabiflavinotic 2-10 mg/day orl MAR ; Anticarpal-Tunnel 50 mg/day WER ; Anticataract 15 mg/day WER ; Anticephalagic PIL ; Anticervicaldysplasic 1.6-10 mg/day WAF ; Anticheilitic DUKE1992B ; Antidecubitic DUKE1992B ; Antiglossitic DAS ; Antikeratitic DUKE1992B ; AntiLyme 50 mg/day KEn ; Antimigraine DUKE1992B ; Antioxidant PIL ; Antipellagric DUKE1992B ; Antiphotophobic DAS ; Cancer-Preventive 525

SAPOGENIN Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

SAPONINS Plant: DUKE1992A

Antihepatomic NR54:S71 ; Antimutagenic NR54:S71 ; Antitumor (Lung) NR54:S71 ; Antitumor (Ovary) NR54:S71 ; Immunomodulator NR54:S71

SELENIUM Leaf: DUKE1992A

Analgesic 200 ug/day WER ; Anorexic 52 ; Antiacne WER ; Antiaggregant PAM ; Antiangiogenic 2 uM BO2 230 ug/kg orl rat BO2 ; Antiarthritic; Antiasthmatic MPP ; Antiatherosclerotic MPP ; Anticataract 400 ug/day MPP ; Anticirrhotic DAS ; Anticlimacteric 200 ug/day WAF ; Anticoronary; Antidandruff DAS ; Antidepressant WAF ; Antidote (Mercury) DAS ; Antifibrotic 400 ug WAF ; Antigout 200 ug WAF ; AntiHIV; Antikeshan DAS ; Antileukemic 1.6 mg/kg ipr mus BO2 ; Antileukotriene PAM ; Antimaculitic; Antimelanomic 480 ug/kg BO2 ; Antimenopausal 200 ug/day WAF ; Antimetastatic 480 ug/kg BO2 ; Antimyalgic 200 ug/day WER ; AntiNF-kB BO2 ; Antiosteoarthritic HSC25:1487 ; Antioxidant 100-200 (-400) ug/man/day; Antiparkinsonian 200-400 ug/day WAF ; Antiproliferant 2 uM BO2 ; Antiradicular 100-200 (-400) ug/man/day SYN-X ; Antirheumatic MPP ; Antisyndrome-X SYN-X ; Antitumor SYN-X ; Antitumor (brain) 38-150 ug/kg BO2 ; Antitumor (Breast) 0.8 mg/kg scu mus BO2 150 ug/kg diet rat BO2 230 ug/kg orl rat BO2 333.6 ug/day BO2 ; Antitumor (Lung) 240 ug/kg diet BO2 ; Antitumor (Prostate) PIL ; Antiulcerogenic JE29:25 ; Anxiolytic WAF ; AP-1-Inhibitor 2-50 uM BO2 ; Apoptotic BO2 ; Cancer-Preventive DAS ; Cardioprotective 200 ug/day; Depressant 52 ; Fungicide DAS ; Immunomodulator PIL ; Immunostimulant 100-200 (-400) ug/man/day SYN-X ; NF-kB-Inhibitor BO2 ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor BO2 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Polyamine-Synthesis-Inhibitor BO2 ; Prostaglandin-Sparer JPP42:655 ; Protein-Kinase-C-Inhibitor IC50=2-50 uM BO2 ; VEGF-Inhibitor BO2

SERINE Leaf 23,540 ppm; POAS58 1978

Cancer-Preventive 525

SILICON Leaf 22 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antiarteriosclerotic DAS ; Antionychyotic PIL ; Antiosteoporotic; Cardioprotective PIL

SODIUM Leaf 40 - 510 ppm DUKE1992A

Hypertensive DAS

THIAMIN Leaf 0.8 ppm; DUKE1992A

Analgesic 1-4 g/day WER ; Antialcoholic 50-100 mg/day; Antialzheimeran 100-3,000 mg/day WER ; Antianorectic JBH ; Antibackache 1-4 g/day WER ; Antiberiberi DUKE1992B ; Anticanker MPP ; Anticardiospasmic DUKE1992B ; Anticataract PIL ; Anticolitic DUKE1992B ; Antidecubitic DUKE1992B ; Antideliriant DUKE1992B ; Antidementia PIL ; Antidyspeptic PIL ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antifatigue JBH ; Antigastritic JBH ; Antihangover 50 mg WAF ; Antiheartburn DUKE1992B ; Antiherpetic DUKE1992B ; AntiLyme; Antimigraine DUKE1992B ; Antimyocarditic DUKE1992B ; Antineuralgic 1-4 g/day WER ; Antineurasthenic DUKE1992B ; Antineuritic DUKE1992B ; Antineuropathic 50 mg WER ; Antipoliomyelitic DUKE1992B ; Insectifuge 75-150 mg/man/day MAR ; Neuroprotective PIL ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

THREITOL Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

THREONINE Leaf 14,652 ppm; POAS58 1978

Antioxidant? PC27:976 ; Antiulcer M29 ; Essential JBH ; FLavor FEMA 1,000 ARC

TIN Leaf 11 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antiacne DUKE1992B ; Antibacterial DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Taenicide MAR

TRIHYDROXYMETHYLANTHRAQUINONE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

TYROSINE Leaf 5,073 ppm; POAS58 1978

Antidepressant?; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antiparkinsonian 100 mg/kg/day WER ; Antiphenylketonuric M29 ; Antiulcer 256 mg scu BBE 400 mg/kg ipr rat BBE ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Monoamine-Precursor PAM

UREA Leaf 10 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

URONIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

VALINE Leaf 12,769 ppm; POAS58 1978

Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Essential DUKE1992B ; FLavor FEMA 1,000-2,000 ARC

WATER Plant 995,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

XYLOSE Plant: DUKE1992A

Antidiabetic; Diagnostic MAR ; Dye M11

ZINC Leaf 11 - 770 ppm DUKE1992A

ACE-Inhibitor NP6:1 ; Analgesic TEI ; Antiacne 135 mg/day; Antiacrodermatitic 8-34 mg/day/orl/chd M29 ; Antialcoholic; Antialopecic DAS ; Antialzheimeran 50 mg/day WER ; Antiangiogenic X16606632 ; Antianorexic M29 ; Antiarthritic 50 mg/3x/day/orl/man; AntiBPH 25-60 mg/day; Anticanker 100 mg/day WER ; Anticataract 30 mg/day WER ; Anticoeliac MAR ; Anticold 50 mg DAS ; Anticolitic DAS ; Anticoronary 30 mg/day SYN-X ; AntiCrohn's DAS ; Antidandruff DAS ; Antidementia PIL ; Antidiabetic SYN-X ; Antidote (Cadmium) LL-MAY89 ; Antidysgeuzic WRI ; Antieczemic 150 mg/day WER ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antiepileptic 100 mg/day WER ; Antifibrotic 30 mg WAF ; Antifuruncular 45 mg/3x/day/man MAR ; Antihangover 15 mg WAF ; Antiherpetic? 25-60 mg/day; AntiHIV PMM ; Antiimpotence M29 ; Antiinfective 50 mg/day WER ; Antiinfertility 60 mg/day WER ; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antilepric M29 ; Antileukonychic MTM ; Antilymphomic X16762953 ; Antimaculitic PIL ; Antimetastatic X16606632 ; Antineuropathic TEI ; Antinyctalopic WRI ; Antiobesity 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antiosteoporotic; Antiperiodontitic MPP ; Antiplaque M29 ; Antiprolactin PAM ; Antiprostatitic 50 mg/man/day/orl PAM ; Antirheumatic DAS ; Antiseptic 50 mg/day WER ; Antispare-Tire 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antistomatitic 50 mg/man/3x/day MAR ; Antisyndrome-X 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antitinnitic 60-120 mg/day WER ; Antitriglyceride 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antiulcer 50 mg/3x/day/man MAR 88 mg/rat/day/15 days PIL ; Antiviral? M29 ; Astringent MAR ; Collagenic PIL ; Copper-Antagonist SYN-X ; Deodorant M29 ; Detoxicant (Alcohol) PIL ; Ergogenic PIL ; Hypotensive 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Immunomodulator PIL ; Immunostimulant DAS ; Immunosuppressant 300 mg/day/6 wks/orl/man M29 ; Insulinogenic 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Leptingenic 30-60 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Mucogenic JPP42:657 ; NF-kB-Inhibitor X16606632 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spermigenic 60 mg/day WER ; Testosteronigenic WER ; Trichomonicide M29 ; Vulnerary MAR

The source of the experience

Dr Dukes plant database

Concepts, symbols and science items

Concepts

Symbols

Science Items

Activities and commonsteps

Commonsteps

References

15: Jim Duke's personal files.

1978: Jim Duke's personal files

382: Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.

411: Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.

438: Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.

505: Jim Duke's personal files.

52: Cooper-Driver, G. A., Chemical substances in plants toxic to animals, pp. 213-47 in Rechcigl, M., Jr., ed. CRC Handbook of Naturally Occurring Food Toxicants, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1983, 339 pp.

525: Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.

A&C3:269: Jim Duke's personal files

AAC35:2463: Jim Duke's personal files

ABEL1999: Jim Duke's personal files

ACM:134: Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 134.

AEH113: Jim Duke's personal files

AEH114: Jim Duke's personal files

AEHD1:84: Jim Duke's personal files

AFR27:209: Jim Duke's personal files

AJC31:37: Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med, 31(1):37-46.

AJC62:1212: Jim Duke's personal files

AKT: TIllotson, A. K. (with Abel, Jr., R., Tillotson, N.H., Bajracharya, V.M.B.). 2001. The One Earth Herbal Sourcebook: Everything You Need to Know about Chinese, Western, and Ayurvedic Herbal Treatments. Twin Streams, Kensington Publishing Corp. NY,NY. 596 pp

ARC: Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry Note: Most ARC numerical data were in mg/dl. I know of no other plant where zinc is more prevalent than other minerals and protein. These data should be viewed as suspect.

ARO95:21: Jim Duke's personal files

AllHerb1998: AllHerb1998

BBA1428:406: Mueller, S. O., Stopper, H. 1999. Characterization of the Genotoxicity of Anthraquinones in Mammalian Cells. Biochimica & Biophysica Acta, 1428: 406-414.

BBE: Borchard, R. E., Barnes, C. D., and Eltherton, L. G. 1991. Drug Dosage in Laboratory Animals: A Handbook. (3rd Ed.) The Telford Press, Inc., P. O. Box 287, Caldwell NJ 07006.

BJP3:10: Jim Duke's personal files

BO2: Jim Duke's personal files

BOI: Jim Duke's personal files

CAN: Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.

CAN117: Jim Duke's personal files

CMR3/4/91:16: Jim Duke's personal files

CPB38:1049: Uchida, U., Ohta, H., Niwa, M., Mori, A., Nonaka, G-i., Nishioka, I., and Zaki, M. 1989. Prolongation of Life Span of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRSP) Ingesting Persimmon Tannin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(4): 1049-1052, 1990.

CPB38:1051: Jim Duke's personal files

CPB38:197: Jim Duke's personal files

CPB38:2283: Shimizu,*M., et al. 1990. Anti-inflammatory Constituents of Topically Applied Crude Drugs. IV.1) Constituents and Anti-inflammatory Effect of Paraguayan Crude Drug "Alhucema" (Lavandula latifolia Vill.)2). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(8): 2283-2284, 1990.

CPB38:3033: Jim Duke's personal files

CPB43:1385: Okada,Y,et al.1995.Search for Naturally Occurring Substances to Prevent the Complications of Diabetes.II.Inhibitory Effect of Coumarin and Flavonoid Derivatives on Bovine Lens Aldose Reductase and Rabbit Platelet Aggregation.Chem Pharm Bull43(8):1385-1387

CRC: CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs and/or CRC Handbook of Proximate Analyses

DAS: Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.

DFN:160: Jim Duke's personal files

DUKE1992A: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.

DUKE1992B: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their activities. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.

EB30:103: Jim Duke's personal files

EB44:68.1990: Schultes, R.E. De Plantis Toxicariis e Mundo Novo Tropicale Commentationes XXXVI. Justicia (Acanthaceae) as a Source of an Hallucinogenic Snuff. Economic Botany 44(1): 61-70, 1990.

EJP198:211: Jim Duke's personal files

EMP5:363: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 363.

EMP6:165: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 165

EMP6:189: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.

EMP6:235: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.

FAC: Facciola, S. 1998. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, Vista CA. 713 pp.

FEL: Jim Duke's personal files

FHN: Forest H. Nielsen, USDA, Grand Forks, various publications.

FT1990:509: Jim Duke's personal files

FT57:271.1986: Jim Duke's personal files

FT63(1):3: Jim Duke's personal files

FT65(4):275: Jim Duke's personal files

FT67:121: Jim Duke's personal files

FT68(4):291: Jim Duke's personal files

FVT29:765: Jim Duke's personal files

GAZ: Jim Duke's personal files

HDN: Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African Ethnobotany - Poisons and Drugs. Chapman & Hall, New York. 941 pp.

HG22:14: HerbalGram No. 22 - Spring 1990, page 14.

HG40:23: Jim Duke's personal files

HSC25:1487: Jim Duke's personal files

HSC25:1495: Simon, P.W. Carrots and Other Horticultural Crops as a Source of Provitamin A Carotenes. HortScience, 25(12): 1495, 1990.

HYL: Jim Duke's personal files

IJE29:230: Jim Duke's personal files

IJO16:195: Jim Duke's personal files

IJO16:197: Jim Duke's personal files

IJO16:211: Jim Duke's personal files

IJP33:7: Pandeya, S.N. 1970. Biological Activity of Adamantyl Derivatives. The Indian Journal of Pharmacy, 33: 7.

JAD: Duke, J. A. Writeups or information summaries on approximately 2,000 economic plants, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705.

JAF38:688: Oszmianski, J. and Lee, C.Y. 1990. Inhibitory Effect of Phenolics on Carotene Bleaching in Vegetables. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38: 688-690.

JAF44:2096: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF50:5850: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF50:889: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF51:2837: Jim Duke's personal files

JAFC34:409: Jim Duke's personal files

JAFC37:1365: Jim Duke's personal files

JAR9(4):182: Jim Duke's personal files

JBH: Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.

JE15:204: Khalid, S.A., Farouk, A., Geary**, T.G., and Jensen, J.B. 1985. Potential Antimalarial Candidates From African Plants: An In Vitro Approach Using Plasmodium falciparum*. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 15: 201-209, 1986.

JE26:74: Jim Duke's personal files

JE26:80: Jim Duke's personal files

JE26:81: Jim Duke's personal files

JE26:82: Jim Duke's personal files

JE26:86: Jim Duke's personal files

JE27:243: Ivorra, M.D., Paya, M., and Villar, A. 1989. A Review of Natural Products and Plants as Potential Antidiabetic Drugs. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 27: 243-275, 1989.

JE28:221: Malini, T. and Vanithakumari, G. 1989. Rat Toxicity Studies With B-Sitosterol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 28: 221-234, 1990.

JE29:25: Rafatullah, S., Tariq, M., Al-Yahya, M.A., Mossa, J.S., and Ageel, A.M. 1989. Evaluation of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) for Gastric and Duodenal Antiulcer Activity in Rats. J. of Ethnopharmacology, 29: 25-34, 1990.

JE40:111: Jim Duke's personal files

JJT39:395: Jim Duke's personal files

JMF1(3): Jim Duke's personal files

JMF5:1: Jim Duke's personal files

JN127:893S: Jim Duke's personal files

JN133:1302: Jim Duke's personal files

JNM7:51: Jim Duke's personal files

JNP33(3):630: Jim Duke's personal files

JNP39:427: Jim Duke's personal files

JNP59:205: Jim Duke's personal files

JNP59:658: Jim Duke's personal files

JNP64:1545: Jim Duke's personal files

JNP65:645: Jim Duke's personal files

JNP67:344: Jim Duke's personal files

JNU: Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY.

JPP42:194: Gawron, A., Gorski*, G., Glowniak**, K. 1989. Increased proliferation of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human leucocytes after 8-methoxypsoralen treatment. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 194-195, 1990.

JPP42:655: Fujita, T., Nakatani, E., Funaishi, N., Sakuma, S., Fujimoto, Y. Potent inhibition of prostaglandin inactivation in rabbit gastric antral mucosal slices by selenium ions in-vitro. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 655-657, 1990.

JPP42:657: Li, K.M. Effect of zinc sulphate on acetic acid-induced gastric ulceration in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 657-659, 1990.

K10848: Jim Duke's personal files

KEN: Jim Duke's personal files

KEn: Jim Duke's personal files

LAB107: Jim Duke's personal files

LL-MAY89: Let's Live, May 1989.

LRN-DEC90: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Dec-90.

LRN-JUL86: Jim Duke's personal files

LTN-APR-92: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R: Mitchell, J. and Rook, A.J. 1923. Botanical Dermatology: plants and plant products injurious to the skin. Vancouver: Greengrass, 1979. xiii, 787 p.: ill.

M&R317: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R610: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R670: Jim Duke's personal files

M11: Merck 11th Edition

M29: Martindale's 29th

M30: Martindale's 30th

MAB: Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.

MAR: Martindale's 28th

MES: Jim Duke's personal files

MPI: =ICMR(Indian Council of Medical Research).1976.Medicinal Plants of India.Vol.1.Indian Council of Med. Res.Cambridge Printing Works, New Delhi.487 pp;ICMR.1987.Medicinal Plants of India.Vol.2.Indian Council of Med. Res.Cambr. Printing Works,New Delhi.600pp Note: (2 vols so far).

MPP: Jim Duke's personal files

MPT: Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of the Tropics. Leeuwenberg, A.J.M., ed. Pudoc, Wageningen. 1987.

MR371:165: Muller, S. O., Eckert, I., Lutz, W. K., Stopper, H. 1996. Genotoxicity of the Laxative Drug Components Emodin, Aloe-emodin and Danthron in Mammalian Cells: Topoisomerase II Mediated? Mutat Res, 371: 165-173.

MTM: Jim Duke's personal files

NIG: Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.

NP6:1: Jim Duke's personal files

NR54:S71: Jim Duke's personal files

PAM: Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).

PC27:969: Larson, R.A. 1987. Review Article Number 30. The Antioxidants of Higher Plants. Phytochemistry. 27: 969-978.

PC27:976: Jim Duke's personal files

PC29(10):3095: Jim Duke's personal files

PC29(5):1667: Jung, J.H., Pummangura, S., Chaichantipyuth, c., Patarapanich, C., and McLaughlin, J.L. 1989. Bioactive Constituents of Melodorum fruticosum. Phytochemistry. 29(5): 1667-1670. 1990.

PEP: Pakistan Encyclopedia Planta Medica. 1986.

PH2: Jim Duke's personal files

PHM9:52: Jim Duke's personal files

PHZ46:156: Pharmazie, 46: 156, 1991.

PHZ49:681: Jim Duke's personal files

PIL: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(1): Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(1):169: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(1):171: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(1):174: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(1):181: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(2):260: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(2):264: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(2):279: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(2):287: Jim Duke's personal files

PM1987:526: Gawron, A. and Glowniak, K. 1987. Cytostatic Activity of Coumarins in vitro. Planta Medica 1987: 526.

PM56(1):41: Ekeke, G.I. and Shode, F.O. 1988. Phenylalanine is the Predominant Antisickling Agent in Cajanus cajan Seed Extract. Planta Medica 56(1): 41, 1990.

PM56(6):651: Jim Duke's personal files

PM56(6):671: Planta Medica, 56(6): 671, 1990.

PM57:A54: Planta Medica, 57: A54, 1991.

PM60:516: Jim Duke's personal files

PMM: Jim Duke's personal files

PMP23:60: Jim Duke's personal files

PMP25:55: Jim Duke's personal files

POAS58: Jim Duke's personal files

PR4(3):93: Laekeman, G.M., Van Hoof, L., Haemers, A., Vanden Berghe, D.A., Herman, A.G., and Vlietinck, A.J. Eugenol a Valuable Compound for In Vitro Experimental Research and Worthwhile for Further In Vivo Investigation. Phytotherapy Research 4(3): 93, 1990.

PR4:341: Jim Duke's personal files

PS131:95: Madhavi, D. L., Bomser, J., Smith, M., Singletary, K. 1998. Isolation of Bioactive Constituents from Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry) Fruits and Cell Cultures. Plant Sci., 131(1): 95-103.

PS75:161: Abid Ali Khan, M.M., Jain, D.C., Bhakuni, R.S., Zaim, M., and Thakur, R.S. 1991. Occurrence of some antiviral sterols in Artemisia annua. Plant Science, 75: 161-165, 1991.

QJC28:155: Recently became Internat. J. Crude Drug Res. 28(1,2,3,4):1990, page 155.

RAF: Jim Duke's personal files

RWG141: Jim Duke's personal files

RWG27: Jim Duke's personal files

RWG29: Jim Duke's personal files

RWG:17: Jim Duke's personal files

SKN43:99: Ichikawa, K., et al. 1991. Isolation and Structure Determination of Aldose Reductase Inhibitors from Traditional Thai Medicine, and Syntheses of Their Derivatives. Sankyo Kenkyusho Nempo, 43: 99-110.

SN138:189.1990: Science News, 138: 189, 1990.

SN160:282: Jim Duke's personal files

SYN-X: Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95

TE2: Jim Duke's personal files

TEI: Jim Duke's personal files

TRA: Tramil

WAF: Jim Duke's personal files

WER: Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.

WIC: Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.

WRI: Jim Duke's personal files

X10478467: Jim Duke's personal files

X10826162: Jim Duke's personal files

X10967452: Jim Duke's personal files

X11732756: Jim Duke's personal files

X11988857: Jim Duke's personal files

X12350076: Jim Duke's personal files

X12391547: Jim Duke's personal files

X15629234: Jim Duke's personal files

X15712986: Jim Duke's personal files

X16277432: Jim Duke's personal files

X16606632: Jim Duke's personal files

X16762953: Jim Duke's personal files

X17350814: Jim Duke's personal files

X17358014: Jim Duke's personal files

X17978503: Jim Duke's personal files

X18563353: Jim Duke's personal files

X19291397: Jim Duke's personal files

X579998: Jim Duke's personal files

X634178: Jim Duke's personal files

X6654625: Jim Duke's personal files

X9025787: Jim Duke's personal files

ZEB: Zebovitz, T. C. Ed. 1989. Part VII. Flavor and Fragrance Substances, in Keith L. H. and Walters, D.B., eds. Compendium of Safety Data Sheets for Research and Industrial Chemicals. VCH Publishers, New York. 3560-4253.

ppm = parts per million
tr = trace

 

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