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Dr Duke's list Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Lavandula latifolia MEDIK. (Lamiaceae) -- Aspic, Broad-Leaved Lavender, Spike Lavender
Identifier
019011
Type of Spiritual Experience
Background
A description of the experience
Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Lavandula latifolia MEDIK. (Lamiaceae) -- Aspic, Broad-Leaved Lavender, Spike Lavender
Chemicals
1,8-CINEOLE Plant 1,000 - 3,434 ppm AYL
(-)-Chronotropic 87 nl/ml HH2 ; (-)-Inotropic HH2 ; Acaricide LC100=6 uM; Allelopathic; Allergenic M&R486 ; Anesthetic DUKE1992B ; Anthelmintic JBH ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC50=41 ug/ml JAF46:3434 ; Antiallergic JFH33(6):569 ; Antibacterial 50 ppm; Antibronchitic PR14:240 ; Anticariogenic JNP59:823 ; Anticatarrh M29 ; Anticholinesterase IC50=50-70; Antifatigue JAR8:2 ; Antihalitosic AH12(4):17 ; Antiinflammatory EJP331:253 ; Antilaryngitic DUKE1992B ; Antinociceptive PR14:401 ; Antipharyngitic DUKE1992B ; Antiplaque X12537346 ; Antirheumatic PR14:240 ; Antirhinitic DUKE1992B ; Antiseptic JBH ; Antisinusitic PR14:240 ; Antispasmodic SHT158 ; Antistaphylococcic 50 ppm JAR8:2 ; Antitussive; Antiulcer X11281182 ; Candidicide LAF337 ; Carcinogenic ZEB ; Choleretic DUKE1992B ; CNS-Stimulant DUKE1992B ; Convulsant JAR8:2 ; Counterirritant M29 ; Cytochrome-P450-Inducer MED'95 ; Decongestant; Degranulant 0.3 ul/ml EJP331:253 ; Dentifrice M29 ; Edemagenic inj; Expectorant JBH ; FLavor FEMA 1-200 ARC ; Fungicide SHT158 ; Gastroprotective X11281182 ; Gram(+)icide JAR8:2 ; Gram(-)icide JAR8:2 ; Hepatotonic DUKE1992B ; Herbicide IC50=78 uM TOX ; Hypotensive DUKE1992B ; Inflammatory inj EJP331:253 ; Insectifuge; Irritant RIN ; Myorelaxant CAN ; Nematicide NIG ; Neurotoxic JAR8:2 ; P450-Inducer MED'95 ; Pediculicide 2.3 x pyrethrin JAF52:2507 ; Perfume ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Rubefacient M29 ; Secretogogue SHT158 ; Sedative; Spasmogenic JAR8:2 ; Surfactant SHT158 ; Testosterone-Hydroxylase-Inducer MED'95 ; Transdermal X14703969 ; Trichomonicide LD100=1,000 ug/ml FT67:279
3-OCTANOL Plant tr; BML
FLavor FEMA ARC ; Perfumery ARC
3-OCTANONE Plant 4 - 13 ppm BML
No activity reported.
ALPHA-BISABOLOL Plant 4 - 10 ppm BML
Analgesic 411 ; Antiarthritic LRN-MAR91 ; Antibacterial IWU ; Antiburn IWU ; Antiinflammatory; Antipeptic W&W ; Antipyretic LRN-MAR91 ; Antiseptic WIC ; Antispasmodic; Antituberculic DUKE1992B ; Antiulcer IWU ; Candidicide DUKE1992B ; Cicatrizant ED50=228 ug/g mus X11678668 ; Cosmetic FT61:254.1990 ; Fungicide IWU ; Musculotropic WIC ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Protisticide JNP39:435 ; Vulnerary
ALPHA-CADINOL Plant 1 - 21 ppm BML
Acaricide; Antimite X11372974 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
ALPHA-HUMULENE Plant 51 ppm; BML
Antitumor JNP55:999 ; Perfumery JBH
ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE Plant 2 - 13 ppm BML
Antibacterial CWW ; Antistaphylococcic CWW ; Dermal JBH ; Emetic PJB1(1) ; FLavor FEMA 10-130 ARC ; Fungicide HH2 ; Insectiphile PEP ; Irritant JBH ; Laxative PJB1(1) ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
ALPHA-PINENE Plant 90 - 748 ppm BML
Allelochemic DUKE1992B ; Allergenic M&R523 ; Antiacne JAR12:99 ; Antibacterial; Antifeedant JAF45:3276 ; Antiflu EMP5:195 ; Antiinflammatory 500 mg/kg; Antipneumonic X16248573 ; Antiseptic X16248573 ; Antispasmodic; Antistaphylococcic X16248573 ; Antiviral EMP5:195 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Coleoptophile DUKE1992B ; Expectorant MIK ; FLavor FEMA 15-150 ARC ; Herbicide IC50=30 uM TOX ; Insecticide 0.82 uM/fly JAF50:4576 ; Insectifuge 50 ppm; Insectiphile JSPR22:141 ; Irritant JBH ; P450-2B1-Inhibitor IC50=0.087 uM X9242356 ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative LRN-JUN90 ; Spasmogenic; Tranquilizer LRN-JUN90 ; Transdermal X7199340
ALPHA-TERPINENE Plant 4 - 11 ppm BML
Acaricide X11124373 ; ACE-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml (weak activity) K26575 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml TYK1992:95 ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC50=1.0 mM JAF45:677 ; Antinitrosaminic X10606544 ; Antispasmodic PR14:623 ; FLavor FEMA 1-40 ARC ; Insecticide 0.86 uM/fly JAF50:4576 ; Insectifuge DUKE1992B ; P450-2B1-Inhibitor IC50=0.76 uM X9242356 ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spasmogenic PR14:623
ALPHA-TERPINEOL Plant 35 - 209 ppm BML
ACE-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml (weak activity) K26575 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml TYK1992:95 ; Allelopathic CWW ; Antiacne JAR12:99 ; Antibacterial MIC=800-1,600 ug/ml JAF41:1103 ; Anticancer JNU ; Anticariogenic JAF41:1103 ; Antiinflammatory X17867636 ; Antiproliferant X16964395 ; Antiseptic JBH ; Cicatrizant ED50=240 ug/g mus X11678668 ; FLavor FEMA 5-40 ARC ; Insecticide 1.29 uM/fly JAF50:4576 ; Interleukin-6-Inhibitor X17867636 ; Mosquitofuge > Deet X15825766 ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative BVC:162 ; Termiticide IC100=5 mg/g; Transdermal X10434134 ; Vulnerary ED50=240 ug/g mus X11678668
ALPHA-TERPINYL-ACETATE Plant 1 - 35 ppm BML
No activity reported.
ALPHA-THUJENE Plant 1 - 19 ppm BML
No activity reported.
ALPHA-THUJONE Plant 2 - 9 ppm BML
Abortifacient CAN ; Antibacterial JEO7:271 ; Emmenagogue CAN ; Insecticide DUKE1992B ; Larvicide JNP49:941.1986 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
BETA-BISABOLENE Plant 1 - 15 ppm BML
Abortifacient JE32:174 ; Antirhinoviral IC50=1,800? JNP57:658 ; Antiulcer IC57=100 mg/kg YAK112:645 ; Antiviral IC50=1,800? JNP57:658 ; Perfumery ARC ; Stomachic X1469612
BETA-PINENE Plant 60 - 374 ppm BML
Allergenic M&R618 ; Antiinflammatory FT63(1):3 ; Antiseptic LAF ; Antispasmodic; Candidicide LAF337 ; FLavor FEMA 15-600 ARC ; Herbicide TOX ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant ZEB ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spasmogenic CAN ; Transdermal X10408241
BETA-THUJONE Plant 4 - 20 ppm BML
Abortifacient CAN ; Antibacterial JEO7:271 ; Emmenagogue CAN ; Insectifuge DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
BORNEOL Plant 20 - 759 ppm BML JBH
(-)-Chronotropic 29 ug/ml HH2 ; (-)-Inotropic HH2 ; Allelochemic JAF45:3276 ; Analgesic DUKE1992B ; Antiacetylcholine CAN ; Antibacterial MIC=125-250 ug/ml X11559128 ; Antibronchitic JBH ; Antiescherichic MIC=125 ug/ml X11559128 ; Antifeedant JAF45:3276 ; Antiinflammatory DUKE1992B ; Antiotitic X2364470 ; Antipyretic DUKE1992B ; Antisalmonella X11559128 ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.008 mg/ml; Antistaphylococcic MIC=250 ug/ml X11559128 ; Antiyeast X11559128 ; Candidicide X11559128 ; Choleretic X11559128 ; CNS-Stimulant HHB ; CNS-Toxic JBH ; FLavor FEMA<1 ARC ; Fungicide X11559128 ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Herbicide IC50=470 mM 438 IC50=470 uM TOX ; Inhalant JBH ; Insect-Repellent DUKE1992B ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant RIN ; Myorelaxant CAN ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative MED ; Tranquilizer X11559128
BORNYL-ACETATE Plant 1 - 76 ppm BML
(-)-Chronotropic 933 nl/ml HH2 ; (-)-Inotropic HH2 ; Antibacterial LAF ; Antifeedant 382 ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.09 mg/ml FT59:465 ; Antiviral LAF ; Expectorant JBH ; FLavor FEMA 70-80 ARC ; Insectifuge HH3 ; Myorelaxant CAN ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative
CAMPHENE Plant 25 - 231 ppm BML
Allelopathic CWW ; Antilithic? JBH ; Antioxidant JA6(4):33 ; Expectorant HH2 ; FLavor FEMA 15-175 ARC ; Hypocholesterolemic? JBH ; Insectifuge 382 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spasmogenic FT59:465
CAMPHOR Plant 480 - 3,300 ppm AYL BML
Allelopathic; Analgesic; Anesthetic; Antiacne NIG ; Antidiarrheic 500 ug/ml WO2 ; Antidysenteric WO2 ; Antiemetic 100-200 mg man orl KCH ; Antifeedant IC50=5,000 ppm diet 438 ; Antifibrositic MAR ; Antineuralgic MAR ; Antipruritic M11 ; Antiseptic M11 ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.075 mg/ml FT59:465 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Carminative JPP46:16 ; CNS-Stimulant JE26:74 ; Convulsant RJH ; Cosmetic JBH ; Counterirritant MAR ; Decongestant NIG ; Deliriant M11 ; Ecbolic DUKE1992B ; Emetic DUKE1992B ; Epileptigenic CAN ; Expectorant M29 ; Fungicide ED50=2.7 mM TOX ; Herbicide IC50=3.3-180 mM 438 ; Insect-Repellent DUKE1992B ; Insectifuge; Irritant JBH ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Occuloirritant M&R367 ; P450-2B1-Inhibitor IC50=7.89 uM X9242356 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Respirainhibitor M11 ; Respirastimulant KCH ; Rubefacient; Stimulant RJH ; Transdermal; Verrucolytic NIG ; Vibriocide 500 ug/ml WO2
CARVONE Plant 12 - 5 ppm BML
Allergenic M&R683 ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC50=1.4-1.8 mM JAF45:677 ; Antiproliferative JNP65:953 ; Antiseptic 1.5 x phenol W&W ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidistat JNP65:953 ; Carminative JPP46:16 ; CNS-Stimulant DUKE1992B ; FLavor FEMA 80-3,000 ARC ; Fungistat JNP65:953 ; Insecticide 382 ; Insectifuge 382 ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative BVC:162 ; Trichomonicide LD100=300 ug/ml FT67:279 ; Vermicide DUKE1992B
CARYOPHYLLENE Plant 191 ppm; BML
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor PJB1(3):238 ; Allergenic X16226832 ; Analgesic RAI ; Antiacne PJB1(3):238 ; Antiasthmatic LAF ; Antibacterial JAF40:2329 ; Anticariogenic MIC=>1,600 ug/ml JAF41:1103 ; Antidermatitic WO3 ; Antiedemic CPB38:2283 ; Antifeedant 500 ppm TOX ; Antiinflammatory IC50=100 uM CPB38:2283 ; Antileishmanic X180905647 ; Antionychyotic RAI ; Antiproliferant X16964395 ; Antispasmodic DUKE1992B ; Antistaphylococcic JAR10:7 ; Antistreptococcic PJB1(3):238 ; Antitumor JNP55:999 ; Antiulcer RAI ; Candidicide JAR10:7 ; FLavor FEMA 20-200 ARC ; Fungicide JAR10:7 ; Gastroprotective RAI ; Insectifuge; Irritant ZEB ; Larvicide X10701181 ; Mosquitocide X10701181 ; Perfumery M11 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative JAR10:7 ; Termitifuge 382
CARYOPHYLLENE-OXIDE Plant 6 - 24 ppm BML
Antiedemic CPB38:2283 ; Antifeedant ISA14:93 ; Antiinflammatory CPB38:2283 ; Antitumor JNP55:999 ; Calcium-Antagonist ED50=32 uM gpg J14432 ; Fungicide; Insecticide ISA14:93 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
CIS-ALPHA-BISABOLENE Plant 38 - 197 ppm BML
No activity reported.
CIS-CARVEOL Plant 1 - 5 ppm BML
No activity reported.
CIS-LINALOL-EPOXIDE Plant 2 - 11 ppm BML
No activity reported.
CIS-OCIMENE Plant 55 ppm; BML
Antibacterial CWW ; Antistaphylococcic CWW ; Fungicide CWW
CITRONELLAL Plant 1 - 7 ppm BML
Acaricide X12137464 ; Allergenic M&R333 ; Antibacterial JE26:75 ; Antiseptic 3.8 x phenol W&W ; Antistaphylococcic JAR10:7 ; Antistreptococcic JAR10:7 ; Candidicide JAR10:7 ; Embryotoxic DUKE1992B ; FLavor FEMA <1 ARC ; Fungicide JAR10:7 ; Insectifuge M11 ; Irritant ZEB ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Mutagenic? AEHD1:121 ; Nematicide MIC 1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; P450-2B1-Inhibitor IC50=1.56 uM X9242356 ; Perfumery DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative ED=1 mg/kg W&W ; Teratogenic JNP39:446
CITRONELLOL Plant 1 - 41 ppm BML
Allergenic; Antibacterial JE26:75 ; Antiseptic JAR10:7 ; Antistaphylococcic JAR10:7 ; Antistreptococcic JAR10:7 ; Candidicide JAR10:7 ; FLavor FEMA 1-50 ARC ; Fungicide HG17 ; Herbicide IC50=160 uM TOX ; Irritant ZEB ; Nematicide MLC=100 ug/ml SZ44:183 ; Perfumery M11 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative W&W ; Trichomonicide LD100=300 ug/ml FT67:279
COUMARIN Plant 22 ppm; BML
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 10 ug/ml cow (weak activity, 11% inhibition) CPB43:1385 ; Allelochemic IC100=2 mM 438 ; Analgesic ZEB ; Anesthetic EB30:103 ; Antiaggregant DUKE1992B ; Antiandrogenic PM56(6):671 ; Antibrucellosic JPP42:194 ; Anticancer (Kidney) 400-7,000 mg/day MAB ; Anticancer (Prostate) MAB ; Antidiuretic CAN117 ; Antiedemic CPB38:2283 ; Antiesherichic JBH ; Antiinflammatory CPB38:2283 ; Antilymphedemic MAB ; Antimelanomic 50 mg/day; Antimetastatic 50 mg/man/day MAB ; Antimitotic IJP33:7 ; Antimononuccleotic MAB ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antimycoplasmotic MAB ; Antipsittacotic MAB ; Antipsoriac IJP33:7 ; Antitoxoplasmotic MAB ; Antitumor 50 mg/day; Antitumor (GI) JAR9(4):182 ; Antitumor (Kidney) 400-7,000 mg/day MAB ; Antitumor (Prostate) MAB ; Bacteristat JBH ; Bruchiphobe DUKE1992B ; Cancer-Preventive 5-25 ug/ml PM1987:526 ; Carcinogenic 200 mg/kg orl mus MAB ; Cardiodepressant; Cardiotonic FEL ; Chemopreventive JAR9(4):182 ; DME-Inhibitor IC50=57.5 uM ACM:134 ; Emetic DUKE1992B ; Estrogenic CAN ; Fungicide JBH ; Hemorrhagic JBH ; Hepatotoxic 0.8-1.71 mM/kg orl rat 100 mg/kg dog ARO95:21 2,500 ppm diet ARO95:21 ; Hypnotic EB44:68.1990 ; Hypoglycemic 250-1,000 mg/kg orl EMP6:165 ; Immunostimulant; Juvabional 382 ; Larvistat JBH ; Lymphocytogenic 100 mg/day JPP42:194 ; Lymphokinetic PH2 ; Narcotic FEL ; Ovicide DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Phagocytotic PM56(6):671 ; Piscicide JBH ; Respirodepressant EB30:103 ; Rodenticide JBH ; Sedative EB44:68.1990
CUMINALDEHYDE Plant 3 - 42 ppm BML
Antibacterial DUKE1992B ; FLavor FEMA <1 ARC ; Fungicide FT62:86 ; Irritant ZEB ; Larvicide AYL ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative ZEB ; Tyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=0.05 mM JAF47:4574 ; Ulcerogenic ZEB
EO Plant 5,000 - 11,000 ppm AYL BML
No activity reported.
EUGENOL Plant 9 ppm; BML
Acaricide LD50=5.47 ug/sq cm cf DEET at 37.59 ug/sq cm; Allergenic M&R488 ; Analgesic M11 ; Anesthetic 200-400 PR4:93 ; Antiaggregant IC50=0.3 uM PR4:93 ; Antiarachidonate PJB1(2):269 ; Antibacterial 500 ppm VAL MBC=400 ug/ml JNP49:5750 ; Anticonvulsant JBH ; Antiedemic 100 PR4:95 ; Antiestrogenic X12495555 ; Antifeedant 382 ; Antigenotoxic 50-500 mg/kg orl mus X11313116 ; Antiherpetic IC50=16.2-25.6 ug/ml PR14:495 ; Antiinflammatory (11 uM) IC~97=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; Antikeratotic IC50=16.2-25.6 ug/ml PR14:495 ; Antimitotic JBH ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antinitrosating PCF-I:200 ; Antioxidant 10 uM HHM7:7 IC65=30 ppm PCF:219 ; Antiprostaglandin 11 uM PM186:1986 IC50=9.2 mM POP:150 ; Antipyretic 3 ml/man/day DUKE1992B ; Antiradicular EC50=2 ul/l PMP22:233 ; Antisalmonella MIC=400 ug/ml JNP49:5750 ; Antiseptic 3 ml/man/day DUKE1992B 400 ug/ml JNP49:5750 ; Antispasmodic LAF ; Antistaphylococcic CWW ; Antithromboxane LRN-JUL87 ; AntiTNF X10871845 ; Antitumor JNP55:999 ; Antiulcer FT71:S131 ; Antiviral IC50=16.2-25.6 ug/ml PR14:495 ; Apifuge 382 ; Calcium-Antagonist IC50=200 uM gpg J14432 IC50=224 uM LAB58 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidicide PR4:93 ; Carcinogenic? NIG ; Carminative JPP46:16 ; Choleretic X1242658 ; CNS-Depressant JBH ; COX-1-Inhibitor IC97=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; COX-2-Inhibitor IC50=129 uM JNP65:1517 IC>97=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; Cytochrome-P450-Inhibitor PIZ ; Cytotoxic 25 ug/ml PR4:93 ; Dermatitigenic M&R489 ; Enterorelaxant JAR4:22 ; FLavor FEMA 10-500 ARC ; Fungicide PMP23:60 ; Hepatoprotective 100 ppm TOX107:39 ; Herbicide PMP23:60 ; Insecticide; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant; Juvabional 382 ; Larvicide JE26:72 ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Nematicide MLC=2,000 ug/ml SZ44:183 ; Neurotoxic RJH ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor 1 mM rbt GPH27:629 IC50=9.2 uM; Sedative; Termiticide LD100=5 mg/g JAF50:1389 ; Trichomonicide LD100=300 ug/ml FT67:279 ; Trichomonistat IC50=10 ug/ml NIG ; Trypsin-Enhancer LRN-DEC93 ; Ulcerogenic PR4:93 ; Varroacide X10826162 ; Vasodilator PR14:495 ; Vermifuge DUKE1992B
FURFURAL Plant 8 - 24 ppm BML
Antiseptic LAF ; FLavor FEMA 1-30 ARC ; Fungicide DUKE1992B ; Insecticide DUKE1992B ; Irritant CAN ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
GERANIOL Plant 3 - 21 ppm BML
Allergenic; Anthelmintic MAD ; Antibacterial MBC=800 ug/ml JNP49:5750 MIC=400 ug/ml JAF41:1103 MIC=64 ug/ml PR14:303 ; Anticancer (Pancreas) IC50=265 uM LIP32:151 ; Anticariogenic MIC=400 ug/ml JAF41:1103 ; Antimelanomic IC50=150 uM/l JN127:668 ; Antisalmonella MIC=400 ug/ml JNP49:5750 ; Antiseptic 400-800 ug/ml JNP49:5750 7 x phenol W&W MIC=64 ug/ml PR14:303 ; Antispasmodic JEO2:185 ; Antitubercular PR14:303 ; Antitumor JAF43:2144 ; Antitumor (Pancreas) IC50=265 uM LIP32:151 ; Ascaricide MAD ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidicide DUKE1992B ; CNS-Stimulant HHB ; Embryotoxic DUKE1992B ; Emetic 3 x ipecac LRN-SEP97 ; Expectorant MAD ; FLavor FEMA 1-10 ARC ; Fungicide IC93=2 mM 438 ; Herbicide IC100-2,000 uM TOX ; Insectifuge 50 ppm JSPR22:141.1986 ; Insectiphile M11 ; Mycobactericide MIC=64 ug/ml PR14:303 ; Nematicide IC86=100 ug/ml NIG MLC=1,000 ug/ml SZ44:183 ; Perfumery M11 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative; Trichomonicide LD100=300 ug/ml FT67:279
GERANYL-ACETATE Plant: BML
Allergenic M&R333 ; FLavor FEMA 1-20 ARC ; Insectiphile JBH ; Perfumery JBH ; Sedative JA6(4):40
GERANYL-BUTYRATE Plant 6 - 28 ppm BML
FLavor FEMA 1-10 ARC ; Perfumery ARC ; Sedative ZEB
HEXANOL Plant 1 - 7 ppm BML
Antiseptic JAF44:2802 ; FLavor FEMA 0.2-25 ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
HEXYL-TIGLATE Plant 7 - 87 ppm BML
No activity reported.
ISOBORNEOL Plant 1 - 43 ppm BML
Antiherpetic 600 ppm X10517310 ; Antiviral X10517310 ; Insectifuge DUKE1992B ; Motor-Stimulant BVC:162 ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative
LAVANDULOL Plant 10 - 165 ppm BML
No activity reported.
LAVANDULYL-ACETATE Plant 1 - 33 ppm BML
No activity reported.
LIMONENE Plant 55 - 297 ppm BML
Acaricide LC100=8 uM JAF50:4586 ; AChE-Inhibitor 453 ; Allelochemic JAF45:3276 ; Allergenic 1/20th carene M&R521 ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC22-26=1.2 mM JAF45:677 ; Antiadenomic ACT13:64 ; Antialzheimeran? 453 ; Antiasthmatic X15598576 ; Antibacterial RIE12:5 ; Anticancer AEM401:131 ; Antiesophagitic ACT13:64 ; Antifeedant JAF45:3276 ; Antiflu EMP5:195 ; Antiinflammatory X15598576 ; Antilithic M29:1064 ; Antilymphomic X15778119 ; Antimetastatic (Stomach) ACT13:64 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antiobesity X15862904 ; Antiseptic JAF44:2802 ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.197 mg/ml FT59:465 ; Antitumor; Antitumor (Breast) AEM401:131 ; Antitumor (Colon) ACT13:64 ; Antitumor (Pancreas) AEM401:131 ; Antitumor (Prostate) AEM401:131 ; Antitumor (Stomach) ACT13:64 ; Antiviral; Apoptotic X14998133 ; Bronchoprotectant X15598576 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidistat JAF40:2330 ; Chemopreventive AEM401:131 ; Cholesterolytic X18072821 ; Detoxicant; Enterocontractant JAR4:22 ; Expectorant; FLavor PJB1(3):242 ; Fungiphilic JAF43:2283 ; Fungistat JAF40:2330 ; GST-Inducer X1438594 ; Herbicide IC50=45 uM TOX ; Histaminic X15862904 ; Immunomodulator X15778119 ; Insecticide 0.37 uM/fly; Insectifuge 382 ; Interleukin-6-Inhibitor X17867636 ; Irritant; Lipolytic X15862904 ; Myorelaxant 50 mg/kg X12587690 ; Nematicide IC=100 ug/ml NIG ; NO-Genic X15778119 ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor ~750 mg/kg (diet) BO2 ; Ozone-Scavenger X15598576 ; P450-Inducer; Peristaltic X18072821 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Photosensitizer RIN ; Sedative ED=1-32 mg/kg W&W ; Transdermal X7199340
LINALOL Plant 1,490 - 5,104 ppm BML
No activity reported.
LINALYL-ACETATE Plant 1 - 198 ppm AYL BML
Anesthetic 0.01-1 ug/ml; Antioxidant 400 ppm SPI:282 ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.21 mg/ml FT59:465 ; FLavor FEMA 2-15 ARC ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Perfumery M11 ; Sedative
METHYL-HEPTENONE Plant 2 - 8 ppm BML
No activity reported.
MYRCENE Plant 39 - 74 ppm BML
ACE-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml K26575 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor TYK1992:95 ; Allergenic M&R154 ; Analgesic EMM18:28 ; Antibacterial DUKE1992B ; Anticonvulsant X11085358 ; Antimutagenic EMM18:28 ; Antinitrosaminic X10606544 ; Antinociceptive 10-20 mg/kg ipr mus JPP42:877 20-40 mg/kg scu mus JPP42:877 ; Antioxidant JA6(4):33 ; Antispasmodic PM&T20:213.1986 ; Chemopreventive 525 ; FLavor FEMA 0.5-9 ARC ; Fungicide TOX ; Hypothermic X11085358 ; Insectifuge DUKE1992B ; Irritant ZEB ; Myorelaxant 100-200 mg/kg X12587690 ; P450-2B1-Inhibitor IC50=0.14 uM X9242356 ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
NEROL Plant 1 - 15 ppm BML
Antibacterial HG17 ; Antihelicobacter X14506036 ; Antiseptic LAF ; Antiulcer X14506036 ; Estrogenic X12495555 ; FLavor FEMA 1-20 ARC ; Perfumery M11 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative ZEB ; Trichomonicide ED100=300 ug/ml FT67:279
NERYL-ACETATE Plant 6 - 28 ppm BML
Antiflu DUKE1992B ; Antiviral DUKE1992B ; FLavor FEMA 1-15 ARC ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
OLEANOLIC-ACID Leaf 4,900 ppm; HHB
Abortifacient DUKE1992B ; Antiallergic LAF351 ; Antiarrhythmic 40 mg/kg X15070161 ; Antiatherosclerotic LAF351 ; Antibacterial MIC=625-1,250 ug/ml JNP59:987 ; Anticarcinomic AJC31:37 ; Anticariogenic LAF ; Anticomplement IC40-50 0.01 mM/l gpg HH2 IC80-90 0.05 mM/l gpg HH2 ; Antiedemic IC36=40 mg/kg ipr rat DFN:159 ; Antifertility PMP24:113 ; Antigingivitic MIC=625-1,250 ug/ml JNP59:987 ; Antihepatotoxic PM56(2):173 ; AntiHIV EC50=1.7 ug/ml JNP61:1090 IC50=21.8 ug/ml; Antihyperlipidemic JE49:57 ; Antiinflammatory 40 mg/kg ipr JNP54:455 ; Antiischemic 40 mg/kg X15070161 ; Antileukemic AJC31:37 ; Antileukotriene IC50=17 uM X11085357 ; Antimalarial IC50=70-89 ug/ml PR13:115 ; Antinephritic IC50=19-24 uM X12898427 ; Antioxidant IC46=10 uM JMF5:1 BCI28:735 ; Antiperiodontic MIC=625-1,250 ug/ml JNP59:987 ; Antiperoxidant IC30=200 ug/ml JAF50:2993 ; AntiPGE2 IC50=24 uM X11085357 ; Antiplaque MIC=625-1,250 ug/ml JNP59:987 ; Antiplasmodial IC50=70-89 ug/ml PR13:115 ; Antisarcomic DUKE1992B ; Antiseptic MIC=625-1,250 ug/ml JNP59:987 ; AntiTGF-beta IC50=19-24 uM X12898427 ; Antitumor LAF351 ; Antitumor (Breast) AJC31:37 ; Antitumor (Colon) AJC31:37 ; Antitumor (Kidney) AJC31:37 ; Antitumor (Lung) AJC31:37 ; Antitumor (Pancreas) AJC31:37 ; Antiulcer >carbenoxolone PJB1(1):181 ; Antiviral EC50=1.7 ug/ml JNP61:1090 IC50=21.8 ug/ml JNP61:1090 ; Aromatase-Inhibitor FIT68:387 ; Beta-Blocker X15070161 ; Beta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor ~100 mg/kg BO2 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cardioprotective 40 mg/kg X15070161 ; Cardiotonic; COX-2-Inhibitor IC50=295 uM/ JNP61:1212 ; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor DUKE1992B ; Diuretic LAF ; Elastase-Inhibitor IC50=~15 uM BO2 ; Hepatoprotective ACM:211 ; Hypolipemic LAF351 ; Hypotensive X15070161 ; Immunomodulator LAF351 ; Leucocytogenic X13678231 ; NF-kB-Inhibitor X14966369 ; Phagocytotic LAF351 ; Piscicide WOI ; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor igs mus; Sedative LAF351 ; Uterotonic; Vasopressor X15070161
P-CYMENE Plant 26 - 98 ppm BML
Analgesic MAR ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC40=1.2 mM JAF45:677 ; Antibacillary X10826719 ; Antibacterial JE26:74 ; Antiflu DUKE1992B ; Antirheumatalgic MAR ; Antiviral DUKE1992B ; FLavor FEMA 12-250 ARC ; Fungicide TOX ; Herbicide IC50=50 uM TOX ; Insectifuge HH3 ; Irritant ZEB ; Laxative ZEB ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative ZEB ; Trichomonicide LD100=50 ug/ml FT67:279
ROSMARINIC-ACID Plant 7,000 ppm; FT62:166
ABeta-Inhibitor X16495207 ; Adenylate-Cyclase-Inhibitor CPB37:1287 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor X16249088 ; Antiaggregant LAF ; Antiallergic BPB24:1206 ; Antialzheimeran X16524383 ; Antianaphylactic 1-100 mg/kg orl IJI10:729 ID50=1 mg/kg ivn rat DUKE1992B ID50=10 mg/kg ims rat DUKE1992B ; Antiatherosclerotic IC50=0.74 uM JAF45:578 ; Antibacterial PM55:663 ; Anticoagulant LAF ; Anticomplementary 1/2 aspirin 20 mg/kg ivn CAN ; Antidepressant X11917505 ; Antiedemic 0.316-3.16 mg/kg ims IJI10:729 ; Antigonadotropic; Antihemolytic IC70=5-10 um/l IJI10:729 ; Antihepatotoxic PM56:173 ; Antiherpetic 50 ug/ml V&D EC50=20 ug/ml POP:270 ; AntiHIV EC50=40 ug/ml POP:270 ; Antihyperthyroid X6724503 ; Antiinflammatory IC~58=1,000 uM; Antiintegrase 10 ug/ml; Antileukotriene DUKE1992B ; Antilipoperoxidant PM56:173 ; Antimutagenic X16536576 ; Antinephritic JNP59:843 ; Antioxidant 10 uM PHM7:7 EC50=2.7 ug/ml FT62:170 ; Antioxidant (LDL) IC50=0.74 uM JAF45:578 ; Antiplaque X16524383 ; Antiproliferant X11270716 ; Antiprostaglandin 20 mg/kg ivn CAN ; Antiproteolytic IC50=0.9 mol l HH2 ; Antipulmonotic VET94 ; Antiradicular PM56:173 ; Antishock IJI10:735 ; Antithyreotropic DUKE1992B ; Antithyroid JNM1:10 ; Antiuremic JNP59:843 ; Antiviral EC50=40 ug/ml; Anxiolytic X11917505 ; Apoptotic X16534555 ; Calcium-Antagonist IC50=1.2 uM rbt K16299 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; COX-1-Inhibitor IC58=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; COX-2-Inhibitor IC>58=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; Cytotoxic TC50=100-150 ug/ml POP:270 ; Deiodinase-Inhibitor JNM1:10 ; Immunomodulator JAF50:5878 ; Immunostimulant PPL7:187 ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor JAF46:4545 ; Neuroprotective X16495207 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Radioprotective X16536576
SABINENE Plant 55 ppm; BML
Antibacterial X14506036 ; Antihelicobacter X14506036 ; Antiseptic X14506036 ; Antiulcer X14506036 ; Perfumery ARC
TERPINEN-4-OL Plant 121 ppm; BML
Allelopathic CWW ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC21-24=1.2 mM JAF45:677 ; Antiacne JAR12:99 ; Antiallergic DUKE1992B ; Antiasthmatic CJT4:203.1982 ; Antibacterial; Antioxidant PR14:623 ; Antiseptic FFJ9:129 ; Antispasmodic PR14:623 ; Antitussive CJT ; Antiulcer X10823671 ; Bacteriostatic CJT ; Diuretic 0.1 ml/rat; Fungicide DUKE1992B ; Herbicide IC50=200 mM 438 IC50=22 uM TOX ; Insectifuge DUKE1992B ; Irritant CAN ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Renoirritant CAN ; Spermicide ED100=0.015 AHN188:83.1986 ; Vulnerary LRN-JAN91
TERPINOLENE Plant 13 - 28 ppm BML
Allelochemic JAF45:3276 ; Antifeedant JAF45:3276 ; Antinitrosaminic X10606544 ; Antioxidant X14664510 ; Deodorant JBH ; FLavor FEMA 15-60 ARC ; Fungicide TOX ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
TRANS-CARVEOL Plant 1 - 3 ppm BML
Antiasthmatic PJB1(2):264
TRANS-EPOXY-LINALYL-ACETATE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
TRANS-LINALOL-EPOXIDE Plant 8 - 21 ppm BML
No activity reported.
TRANS-OCIMENE Plant 49 ppm; BML
No activity reported.
URSOLIC-ACID Leaf 10,000 - 19,000 ppm HHB
Analgesic FT63(3):195 ; Antialzheimeran JNP61:1212 ; Antiarrhythmic X15070161 ; Antiarthritic PM57:A56 ; Antibacterial PR14:561 ; Anticancer JNP61:1212 ; Anticancer (Colon) JNP61:1212 ; Anticarcinomic AJC31:37 ; Anticariogenic LAF ; Anticholestatic 28-100 mg/kg orl PR6:74 ; Anticomplement IC100 0.1 mM/l gpg HH2 IC80-90 0.05 mM/l gpg HH2 ; Antidiabetic CCO ; AntiEBV CAN ; Antiedemic; Antiescherichic PR14:561 ; Antifibrosarcomic IC80=10 uM BO2 ; Antihepatotoxic 5-20 mg/kg ipr PR6:74 ; Antihistaminic CPB39:3276 ; AntiHIV 6.7 uM JNP66:263 EC50=2.0 ug/ml JNP61:1090 IC50=6.5 ug/ml JNP61:1090 IC85=18 ug/ml JNP59:643 ; Antihyperlipidemic JE49:57 ; Antiinflammatory 1/3 indomethacin IC24=500 mg/kg; Antileishmanic ED50=20 uM POP:113 ; Antileukemic IC50=2.5-17.8 ug/ml; Antilymphomic CAN ; Antimalarial IC50=28-37 ug/ml PR13:115 ; Antimetastatic IC80=10 uM BO2 ; Antimutagenic IC57-80=80 mg/kg; Antinephritic IC50=6-7.5 uM X12898427 ; Antiobesity? IJO16:4 ; Antioxidant IC50=10 uM; Antiperoxidant IC35=200 ug/ml JAF50:2993 ; Antiplasmodial IC50=28-37 ug/ml PR13:115 ; Antiproliferative IC50=15-20 uM FT66(4):369 ; Antistaphylococcic; AntiTGF-beta IC50=6-7.5 uM X12898427 ; Antithromboxane IC50=50 uM X11085357 ; Antitrypanosomic X12802734 ; Antitumor CR54:701 ; Antitumor (brain) AJC31:37 ; Antitumor (Breast) 0.5% diet CLE104:43 IC50=15-20 uM FT66(4):369 ; Antitumor (Cervix) AJC31:37 ; Antitumor (Colon); Antitumor (Lung); Antitumor (Ovary) AJC31:37 ; Antitumor (Stomach) FT66(4):369 ; Antitumor-Promoter PM57:A56 ; Antiulcer PR6:74 ; Antiviral IC85=18 ug/ml; Aromatase-Inhibitor FIT68:387 ; Beta-Blocker X15070161 ; Beta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor ~100 mg/kg BO2 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidicide PR14:561 ; Cardioprotective X15070161 ; Cardiotonic X15070161 ; Choleretic 5-20 mg/kg orl PR6:74 ; CNS-Depressant DUKE1992B ; COX-2-Inhibitor IC50=130 uM/; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor JNP61:1212 ; Cytotoxic 50 ppm JNP53(3):513 7.2 uM JNP66:263 ED50=3.75 ug/ml JNP53(3):513 ; Diuretic DUKE1992B ; Elastase-Inhibitor IC50=~15 uM BO2 ; Hepatoprotective 1-100 ug/ml 10 mg/kg; Hypoglycemic JE27:243 ; Hypotensive X15070161 ; Immunomodulator X13678231 ; Leucocytogenic X13678231 ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC50=0.18 mM FT66(4):369 ; MMP-9-Inhibitor IC80=10 uM BO2 ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor BO2 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Piscicide DUKE1992B ; Potassium-Sparing 3 mg/rat IWU ; Protease-Inhibitor IC85=18 ug/ml JNP59:643 ; Protisticide CE7:285 ; Quinone-Reductase-Inducer 5 ug/ml AR19:35 ; Sodium-Sparing 3 mg/rat IWU ; TOPO-2-Inhibitor JNP64:1545 ; Trypanocide X12802734 ; Vasopressor X15070161
The source of the experience
Dr Dukes plant databaseConcepts, symbols and science items
Concepts
Symbols
Science Items
Activities and commonsteps
Commonsteps
References
382: Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.
411: Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.
438: Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.
453: Grundy, D. L. and Still, C. C., Inhibition of acetylcholinesterases by pulegone-1,2-epoxide, Oest. Biochem. & Physiol., 23, 1985, 383-8.
525: Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.
ACM:134: Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 134.
ACM:211: Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 211.
ACT13:64: Jim Duke's personal files
AEHD1:121: Jim Duke's personal files
AEM401:131: Jim Duke's personal files
AH12(4):17: American Health, 12(4): 17, 1993.
AHN188:83.1986: Jim Duke's personal files
AJC31:37: Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med, 31(1):37-46.
AR19:35: Lee, S. K., Song, Y., Mata-Greenwood, E., Kelloff, G. J., Steele, V. E., Pezzuto, J. M. 1999. Modulation of in vitro Biomarkers of the Carcinogenic Process by Chemopreventive Agents. Anticancer Res., 19: 35-44.
ARC: Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry Note: Most ARC numerical data were in mg/dl. I know of no other plant where zinc is more prevalent than other minerals and protein. These data should be viewed as suspect.
ARO95:21: Jim Duke's personal files
AYL: Leung, A.Y., Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980.
BCI28:735: Balanehru, S. and Nagarajan, B. 1992. Intervention of Adriamycin Induced Free Radical Damage. Biochemistry International 28(4): 735-744, 1992.
BML: Lawrence, B.M., Essential Oils 1976-1977, Essential Oils 1978, Essential Oils 1979-1980. Note: Three annual compilations on essential oils. Percentages multiplied by 250-10,000 ppm and rounded to get fresh and dry weights.
BO2: Jim Duke's personal files
BPB24:1206: Jim Duke's personal files
BVC:162: Buchbauer et al, e.g.Buchbauer et al,1993.Therapeutic properties of essential oils and fragrances. Chap.12 in Teranishi,R, Buttery,R.G and Sugisawa,H. Eds. Bioactive Volatile Compounds from Plants. ACS Symposium Series 525. Amer. Chem. Soc., Washington DC
CAN: Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.
CAN117: Jim Duke's personal files
CCO: Chemical Constituents of Oriental Herbs (3 diff. books)
CE7:285: Chemical Express, 7: 285, 1992.
CJT: Chin. J. Tuber. Respir. Dis.
CJT4:203.1982: Chin. J. Tuber. Respir. Dis., 4:203, 1982.
CLE104:43: Jim Duke's personal files
CPB37:1287: Jim Duke's personal files
CPB38:2283: Shimizu,*M., et al. 1990. Anti-inflammatory Constituents of Topically Applied Crude Drugs. IV.1) Constituents and Anti-inflammatory Effect of Paraguayan Crude Drug "Alhucema" (Lavandula latifolia Vill.)2). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(8): 2283-2284, 1990.
CPB39:3276: Tsuruga, T., Chun, Y.-T., Ebizuka, Y., and Sankawa, U. 1991. Biologically Active Constituents of Melaleuca leucadendron: Inhibitors of Induced Histamine Release from Rat Mast Cells. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 39(12): 3276-3278, 1991.
CPB43:1385: Okada,Y,et al.1995.Search for Naturally Occurring Substances to Prevent the Complications of Diabetes.II.Inhibitory Effect of Coumarin and Flavonoid Derivatives on Bovine Lens Aldose Reductase and Rabbit Platelet Aggregation.Chem Pharm Bull43(8):1385-1387
CR54:701: Cancer Research, 54: 701, 1994.
CWW: Wright,C.W.(Ed)2002.Medicinal&Aromatic Plants-Industrial Profiles.Artemisia.344pp.Maffei,M.(Ed)2002.Vetiveria.The Genus Vetiveria.Taylor&Francis.NY,NY.191pp.Southwell,I.,Lowe,R.(Eds)1999.Tea Tree.The Genus Melaleuca.Harwood Acad.Pub.Amsterdam,Netherlands.
DFN:159: Jim Duke's personal files
DUKE1992B: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their activities. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.
EB30:103: Jim Duke's personal files
EB44:68.1990: Schultes, R.E. De Plantis Toxicariis e Mundo Novo Tropicale Commentationes XXXVI. Justicia (Acanthaceae) as a Source of an Hallucinogenic Snuff. Economic Botany 44(1): 61-70, 1990.
EJP331:253: Jim Duke's personal files
EMM18:28: Kauderer, B., Zamith, H., Paumgartten, F.J.R., and Speit, G. Evaluation of the Mutagenicity of B-Myrcene in Mammalian Cells In Vitro. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 18: 28-34, 1991.
EMP5:195: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 195.
EMP6:165: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 165
EMP6:235: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.
FEL: Jim Duke's personal files
FFJ9:129: Flav. & Frag. J. 9: 129.
FIT68:387: Jim Duke's personal files
FT59:465: Fitoterapia No.59-1984.
FT61:254.1990: Fitoterapia No.61: 254, 1990.
FT62:166: Fitoterapia No.62: 166.
FT62:170: Parveen, N. 1991. Antifilarial Activity of Vitex negundo Against Setaria cervi. Fitoterapia, 62(2): 163, 1991.
FT62:86: Singh*, G., Upadhyay, R.K. 1990. Fungitoxic Activity of Cumaldehyde, Main Constituent of the Cuminum cyminum Oil. Fitoterapia 62(1): 86, 1991.
FT63(1):3: Jim Duke's personal files
FT63(3):195: Jim Duke's personal files
FT66(4):369: Jim Duke's personal files
FT67:279: Jim Duke's personal files
FT71:S131: Jim Duke's personal files
GPH27:629: Chen, S. J., Wang, M. H., Chen, I. J. 1996. Antiplatelet and Calcium Inhibitory Properties of Eugenol and Sodium Eugenol Acetate. Gen Pharmacol, 27(4): 629-633.
HG17: HerbalGram No. 17.
HH2: Hansel, R., Keller, K., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1992. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Drogen (A-D), 1209 pp., 1993 (E-O), 970 pp., 1994 (P-Z), 1196 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
HH3: Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
HHB: List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.
HHM7:7: Jim Duke's personal files
IJI10:729: Int. J. Immunopharmacology. Vol 10: 729, 1988.
IJI10:735: Int. J. Immunopharmacology. Vol 10: 735, 1988.
IJO16:4: Internat. J. Oriental Med. 16: 4.
IJP33:7: Pandeya, S.N. 1970. Biological Activity of Adamantyl Derivatives. The Indian Journal of Pharmacy, 33: 7.
ISA14:93: Bettarini, F., Borgonovi, G.E., et al. 1991. Antiparasitic Compounds from East African Plants: Isolation and Biological Activity of Anonaine, Matricarianol, Canthin-6-One and Caryophyllene Oxide. Insect Sci. Applic. 14(1): 93-99, 1993.
IWU: Iwu, M.M. 1993. Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 435 pp.
J14432: Jim Duke's personal files
JA6(4):33: Jim Duke's personal files.
JA6(4):40: Jim Duke's personal files.
JAF40:2329: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF40:2330: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF41:1103: Muroi, H. and Kubo, I. 1993. Combination Effects of Antibacterial Compounds in Green Tea Flavor against Streptococcus mutans. J. Agric. Food Chem. 41: 1102-1105.
JAF43:2144: Yu, S.G., Anderson, P.J., and Elson, C.E. 1995. Efficacy of B-Ionone in the Chemoprevention of Rat Mammary Carcinogenesis. J. Agric. Food Chem. 43: 2144-2147.
JAF43:2283: J. Agric. Food Chem. 43: 2283.
JAF44:2802: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF45:3276: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF45:578: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF45:677: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF46:3434: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF46:4545: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF47:4574: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:1389: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:2993: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:4576: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:4586: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:5878: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF52:2507: Jim Duke's personal files
JAR10:7: Jim Duke's personal files
JAR12:99: Jim Duke's personal files
JAR4:22: J. Aromatherapy 4: 22.
JAR8:2: Jim Duke's personal files
JAR9(4):182: Jim Duke's personal files
JBH: Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
JE26:72: Jim Duke's personal files
JE26:74: Jim Duke's personal files
JE26:75: Jim Duke's personal files
JE27:243: Ivorra, M.D., Paya, M., and Villar, A. 1989. A Review of Natural Products and Plants as Potential Antidiabetic Drugs. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 27: 243-275, 1989.
JE32:174: Jim Duke's personal files
JE49:57: Jim Duke's personal files
JEO2:185: Buchbauer, G., Jirovetz*, L., Nikiforov, A., Remberg, G., Raverdino, V. 1989. Headspace-Analysis and Aroma Compounds of Austrian Hay-Blossoms (Flores Graminis, Graminis Flos) used in Aromatherapy. J. Ess. Oil Res., 2: 185-191, 1990.
JEO7:271: J. Ess. Oil Res. 7: 271.
JFH33(6):569: J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jap. 33(6): 569.
JMF5:1: Jim Duke's personal files
JN127:668: Jim Duke's personal files
JNM1:10: Jim Duke's personal files.
JNP39:435: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP39:446: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP49:5750: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP49:941.1986: Misra, L.N. and Singh, S.P. Alpha-Thujone, The Major Component Of The Essential Oil From Artemisia vulgaris Growing Wild In Nilgiri Hills. Journal of Natural Products, 49: 941, 1986.
JNP53(3):513: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP54:455: Aquino, R., De Feo, V., De Simone, F., Pizza, C.*, and Cirino, G. Plant Metabolites. New Compounds And Anti-Inflammatory Activity Of Uncaria tomentosa. Journal of Natural Products, 54(2): 453-459, 1991.
JNP55:999: Zheng, G-Q., Kenney, P.M., and Lam, L.K.T. Sesquiterpenes From Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) As Potential Anticarcinogenic Agents. Journal of Natural Products 55(7): 999-1003, 1992.
JNP57:658: Denyer, C.V., Jackson, P., Loakes, D.M., Ellis, M.R., and Yound, D.A.B. Isolation of Antirhinoviral Sesquiterpenes From Ginger (Zingiber officinale). Journal of Natural Products, 57(5): 658-662, 1994.
JNP59:643: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP59:823: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP59:843: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP59:987: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP61:1090: Kashiwada, Y., et. al. 1998. Anti-AIDS Agents. 30. Anti-HIV Activity of Oleanolic Acid, Pomolic Acid, and Structurally Related Triterpenoids. J. Nat. Prod., 61 (9): 1090-1095.
JNP61:1212: Ringbom, T., Seguar, L., Noreen, Y., Perera, P., Bohlin, L. 1998. Ursolic Acid from Plantago major, a Selective Inhibitor of Cyclooxygenase-2 Catalyzed Prostaglandin Biosynthesis. J. Nat. Prod., 61(10): 1212-1215.
JNP64:1545: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP65:1517: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP65:953: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP66:263: Jim Duke's personal files
JNU: Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY.
JPP42:194: Gawron, A., Gorski*, G., Glowniak**, K. 1989. Increased proliferation of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human leucocytes after 8-methoxypsoralen treatment. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 194-195, 1990.
JPP42:877: Rao, V.S.N., Menezes, A.M.S., Viana, G.S.B. 1990. Effect of myrcene on nociception in mice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 877-878, 1990.
JPP46:16: Yamamoto, A., Umemori, S., and Muranishi, S. 1993. Absorption Enhancement of Intrapulmonary Administered Insulin by Various Absorption Enhancers and Protease Inhibitors in Rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46: 14-18, 1994.
JSPR22:141: J. Stored. Prod. Res., 22:141, 1986.
JSPR22:141.1986: Jim Duke's personal files
K16299: Jim Duke's personal files
K26575: Jim Duke's personal files
KCH: Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.
LAB58: Jim Duke's personal files
LAF: Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.
LAF337: Jim Duke's personal files
LAF351: Jim Duke's personal files
LIP32:151: Jim Duke's personal files
LRN-DEC93: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Dec-93.
LRN-JAN91: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Jan-91.
LRN-JUL87: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Jul-87.
LRN-JUN90: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Jun-90.
LRN-MAR91: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Mar-91.
LRN-SEP97: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Sep-97.
M&R154: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R333: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R367: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R486: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R488: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R489: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R521: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R523: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R618: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R683: Jim Duke's personal files
M11: Merck 11th Edition
M29: Martindale's 29th
M29:1064: Jim Duke's personal files
MAB: Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.
MAD: Madaus, G. 1976. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Hilfmittel. Vol,. 1-3. 2862 pp. (+ 144 p. index). Georg Olms Verlag, Hildescheim. Reprint of 1938 Madaus.
MAR: Martindale's 28th
MED: Medline (post 1990 searches filed in my computer)
MED'95: Jim Duke's personal files
MIK: Michael Castleman 1991. The Healing Herbs. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA 436 pp.
NIG: Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.
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ppm = parts per million
tr = trace