Observations placeholder
Dr Duke's list of Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Cymbopogon winterianus JOWITT (Poaceae) -- Java Citronella, Mahapengiri
Identifier
019301
Type of Spiritual Experience
Background
A description of the experience
Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Cymbopogon winterianus JOWITT (Poaceae) -- Java Citronella, Mahapengiri
Chemicals
2-HEXEN-1-AL Plant: GEO
No activity reported.
2-HEXEN-1-OL Plant: GEO
Antiseptic JAF44:2802 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
ALPHA-CELANENE Plant: GEO
No activity reported.
ALPHA-PINENE Plant: BML
Allelochemic DUKE1992B ; Allergenic M&R523 ; Antiacne JAR12:99 ; Antibacterial; Antifeedant JAF45:3276 ; Antiflu EMP5:195 ; Antiinflammatory 500 mg/kg; Antipneumonic X16248573 ; Antiseptic X16248573 ; Antispasmodic; Antistaphylococcic X16248573 ; Antiviral EMP5:195 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Coleoptophile DUKE1992B ; Expectorant MIK ; FLavor FEMA 15-150 ARC ; Herbicide IC50=30 uM TOX ; Insecticide 0.82 uM/fly JAF50:4576 ; Insectifuge 50 ppm; Insectiphile JSPR22:141 ; Irritant JBH ; P450-2B1-Inhibitor IC50=0.087 uM X9242356 ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative LRN-JUN90 ; Spasmogenic; Tranquilizer LRN-JUN90 ; Transdermal X7199340
BENZALDEHYDE Plant: GEO
Allergenic M&R594 ; Anesthetic DUKE1992B ; Antibacterial LAF337 ; Anticancer ARO95:16 ; Antimutagenic X10563930 ; Antipeptic DUKE1992B ; Antiseptic DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic DUKE1992B ; Antitumor ARO95:16 ; Candidicide LAF337 ; FLavor FEMA 150-800 ARC ; Immunostimulant ARO95:16 ; Insecticide LAF ; Insectifuge 50 ppm JSPR22:141 ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Narcotic M11 ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative BVC:162 ; Termiticide LD100=5 mg/g X11879008 ; Tyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=0.82 mM JAF47:4574 ID50=820 uM ID50=830 uM JAF50:1400 ID50=87 ug/ml JAF46:1268
BETA-ELEMENE Plant 40 - 70 ppm BML
Anticancer (Cervix) MPT ; Antigliomic X12969529 ; Antiproliferant X12969529 ; Antitumor (Cervix) MPT ; Apoptotic X12969529
BISABOLENE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
BOURBONENE Plant: GEO
No activity reported.
CADINOL Plant: GEO
No activity reported.
CALAMENENE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
CARYOPHYLLENE Plant 84 - 147 ppm BML
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor PJB1(3):238 ; Allergenic X16226832 ; Analgesic RAI ; Antiacne PJB1(3):238 ; Antiasthmatic LAF ; Antibacterial JAF40:2329 ; Anticariogenic MIC=>1,600 ug/ml JAF41:1103 ; Antidermatitic WO3 ; Antiedemic CPB38:2283 ; Antifeedant 500 ppm TOX ; Antiinflammatory IC50=100 uM CPB38:2283 ; Antileishmanic X180905647 ; Antionychyotic RAI ; Antiproliferant X16964395 ; Antispasmodic DUKE1992B ; Antistaphylococcic JAR10:7 ; Antistreptococcic PJB1(3):238 ; Antitumor JNP55:999 ; Antiulcer RAI ; Candidicide JAR10:7 ; FLavor FEMA 20-200 ARC ; Fungicide JAR10:7 ; Gastroprotective RAI ; Insectifuge; Irritant ZEB ; Larvicide X10701181 ; Mosquitocide X10701181 ; Perfumery M11 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative JAR10:7 ; Termitifuge 382
CITRAL Plant 8 - 14 ppm GEO
Allergenic; Antiallergenic; Antiallergic KCH ; Antianaphylactic PJB1(2):266 ; Antibacterial; Anticancer X15931590 ; Antihelicobacter X14506036 ; Antiherpetic X17199238 ; Antihistaminic KCH ; Antiinflammatory X18409048 ; Antileishmanic; Antioxidant X12615076 ; Antiseptic 5.2 x phenol; Antishock KCH ; Antispasmodic TEU ; Antitumor; Antitumor (Colon) X17199238 ; Antitumor (Liver) X17199238 ; Antitumor (Skin) X17199238 ; Antiulcer X14506036 ; Antiviral X17199238 ; Apoptotic; Barbituate-Synergist PJB1(2):266 ; Bronchorelaxant KCH ; Calcium-Antagonist X18484528 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Carcinogenic X12637974 ; Caspase-3-Inducer X15931590 ; Chemopreventive; Cytotoxic X19876560 ; Estrogenic X12495555 ; Expectorant KCH ; FLavor FEMA 4-170 ARC ; Fungicide MIC 625 ug/ml; Glaucomagenic JAR10:7 ; Glutathionigenic; Herbicide IC50=115 uM TOX ; Myorelaxant 200 mg/kg; Nematicide IC52=100 ug/ml NIG MLC=100-260 ug/ml SZ44:183 ; NF-kB-Inhibitor X18409048 ; NO-Inhibitor X18409048 ; P450-2B1-Inhibitor IC50=1.19 uM X9242356 ; Perfumery M11 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Prostatitigenic 185 mg/kg/day/3 ms JAR10:7 ; Sedative 1 mg/kg TEU ED 1-32 mg/kg W&W ; Teratogenic JNP39:446 ; Trichomonicide LD100=150 ug/ml FT67:279 ; Trypanocide X17686189 ; Tyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=1,500 uM JAF51:2837 ID50=1.5 mM JAF47:4574
CITRONELLAL Plant 1,000 - 2,289 ppm BML GEO
Acaricide X12137464 ; Allergenic M&R333 ; Antibacterial JE26:75 ; Antiseptic 3.8 x phenol W&W ; Antistaphylococcic JAR10:7 ; Antistreptococcic JAR10:7 ; Candidicide JAR10:7 ; Embryotoxic DUKE1992B ; FLavor FEMA <1 ARC ; Fungicide JAR10:7 ; Insectifuge M11 ; Irritant ZEB ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Mutagenic? AEHD1:121 ; Nematicide MIC 1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; P450-2B1-Inhibitor IC50=1.56 uM X9242356 ; Perfumery DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative ED=1 mg/kg W&W ; Teratogenic JNP39:446
CITRONELLOL Plant 440 - 770 ppm BML
Allergenic; Antibacterial JE26:75 ; Antiseptic JAR10:7 ; Antistaphylococcic JAR10:7 ; Antistreptococcic JAR10:7 ; Candidicide JAR10:7 ; FLavor FEMA 1-50 ARC ; Fungicide HG17 ; Herbicide IC50=160 uM TOX ; Irritant ZEB ; Nematicide MLC=100 ug/ml SZ44:183 ; Perfumery M11 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative W&W ; Trichomonicide LD100=300 ug/ml FT67:279
CITRONELLYL-ACETATE Plant 80 - 280 ppm BML
FLavor FEMA <1-700 ARC ; Irritant ZEB
CITRONELLYL-BUTYRATE Plant: BML
FLavor FEMA <1-2 ARC
CITRONELLYL-CITRONELLATE Plant 66 - 233 ppm GEO 1
No activity reported.
CUBEBENE Plant: BML
No activity reported.
CYMBOPOL Plant 60 - 105 ppm GEO
No activity reported.
D-1-METHYL-3-CYCLOHEXANONE Plant: GEO
No activity reported.
DIACETYL Plant: GEO
FLavor FEMA 3-50 ARC ; Irritant ZEB
DICITRONELLOXIDE Plant: GEO
No activity reported.
DIPENTENE Plant: GEO
Allergenic M&R618 ; Antibacterial LAF ; Antiviral LAF ; Expectorant JBH ; Irritant JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative JBH
ELEMOL Plant 40 - 420 ppm GEO
Antiacetylcholinesterase IC50=34 ug/ml JAF46:3434 ; Antiulcer X10823671
EO Plant 4,000 - 7,000 ppm GEO
No activity reported.
EUGENOL Plant 66 - 233 ppm GEO 1
Acaricide LD50=5.47 ug/sq cm cf DEET at 37.59 ug/sq cm; Allergenic M&R488 ; Analgesic M11 ; Anesthetic 200-400 PR4:93 ; Antiaggregant IC50=0.3 uM PR4:93 ; Antiarachidonate PJB1(2):269 ; Antibacterial 500 ppm VAL MBC=400 ug/ml JNP49:5750 ; Anticonvulsant JBH ; Antiedemic 100 PR4:95 ; Antiestrogenic X12495555 ; Antifeedant 382 ; Antigenotoxic 50-500 mg/kg orl mus X11313116 ; Antiherpetic IC50=16.2-25.6 ug/ml PR14:495 ; Antiinflammatory (11 uM) IC~97=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; Antikeratotic IC50=16.2-25.6 ug/ml PR14:495 ; Antimitotic JBH ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antinitrosating PCF-I:200 ; Antioxidant 10 uM HHM7:7 IC65=30 ppm PCF:219 ; Antiprostaglandin 11 uM PM186:1986 IC50=9.2 mM POP:150 ; Antipyretic 3 ml/man/day DUKE1992B ; Antiradicular EC50=2 ul/l PMP22:233 ; Antisalmonella MIC=400 ug/ml JNP49:5750 ; Antiseptic 3 ml/man/day DUKE1992B 400 ug/ml JNP49:5750 ; Antispasmodic LAF ; Antistaphylococcic CWW ; Antithromboxane LRN-JUL87 ; AntiTNF X10871845 ; Antitumor JNP55:999 ; Antiulcer FT71:S131 ; Antiviral IC50=16.2-25.6 ug/ml PR14:495 ; Apifuge 382 ; Calcium-Antagonist IC50=200 uM gpg J14432 IC50=224 uM LAB58 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidicide PR4:93 ; Carcinogenic? NIG ; Carminative JPP46:16 ; Choleretic X1242658 ; CNS-Depressant JBH ; COX-1-Inhibitor IC97=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; COX-2-Inhibitor IC50=129 uM JNP65:1517 IC>97=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; Cytochrome-P450-Inhibitor PIZ ; Cytotoxic 25 ug/ml PR4:93 ; Dermatitigenic M&R489 ; Enterorelaxant JAR4:22 ; FLavor FEMA 10-500 ARC ; Fungicide PMP23:60 ; Hepatoprotective 100 ppm TOX107:39 ; Herbicide PMP23:60 ; Insecticide; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant; Juvabional 382 ; Larvicide JE26:72 ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Nematicide MLC=2,000 ug/ml SZ44:183 ; Neurotoxic RJH ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor 1 mM rbt GPH27:629 IC50=9.2 uM; Sedative; Termiticide LD100=5 mg/g JAF50:1389 ; Trichomonicide LD100=300 ug/ml FT67:279 ; Trichomonistat IC50=10 ug/ml NIG ; Trypsin-Enhancer LRN-DEC93 ; Ulcerogenic PR4:93 ; Varroacide X10826162 ; Vasodilator PR14:495 ; Vermifuge DUKE1992B
FARNESOL Plant 24 - 42 ppm BML
Allergenic M&R514 ; Antiadenomic BBR225:869 ; Anticancer (Pancreas) IC50=39 uM LIP32:151 ; Anticarcinomic (Colon) JBT117:11 ; Anticarcinomic (Lung) BBR225:869 ; Antileukemic JBT117:11 ; Antimelanomic IC50=50 uM/l JN127:668 ; Antispasmodic PJB1(1):174 ; Apoptotic JBT117:11 ; FLavor FEMA 0.1-3 ARC ; Juvabional 450 ; Nematicide MLC=100 ug/ml SZ44:183 ; Perfumery M11 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Pheromonal PJB1(3):238 ; Sedative PJB1(1):174 ; Trichomonicide LD100=100 ug/ml FT67:279
FURFURAL Plant: GEO
Antiseptic LAF ; FLavor FEMA 1-30 ARC ; Fungicide DUKE1992B ; Insecticide DUKE1992B ; Irritant CAN ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
GAMMA-CADINENE Plant 40 - 158 ppm GEO
No activity reported.
GAMMA-CADINOL Plant 60 - 105 ppm GEO
No activity reported.
GERANIOL Plant 1,064 - 3,150 ppm GEO
Allergenic; Anthelmintic MAD ; Antibacterial MBC=800 ug/ml JNP49:5750 MIC=400 ug/ml JAF41:1103 MIC=64 ug/ml PR14:303 ; Anticancer (Pancreas) IC50=265 uM LIP32:151 ; Anticariogenic MIC=400 ug/ml JAF41:1103 ; Antimelanomic IC50=150 uM/l JN127:668 ; Antisalmonella MIC=400 ug/ml JNP49:5750 ; Antiseptic 400-800 ug/ml JNP49:5750 7 x phenol W&W MIC=64 ug/ml PR14:303 ; Antispasmodic JEO2:185 ; Antitubercular PR14:303 ; Antitumor JAF43:2144 ; Antitumor (Pancreas) IC50=265 uM LIP32:151 ; Ascaricide MAD ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidicide DUKE1992B ; CNS-Stimulant HHB ; Embryotoxic DUKE1992B ; Emetic 3 x ipecac LRN-SEP97 ; Expectorant MAD ; FLavor FEMA 1-10 ARC ; Fungicide IC93=2 mM 438 ; Herbicide IC100-2,000 uM TOX ; Insectifuge 50 ppm JSPR22:141.1986 ; Insectiphile M11 ; Mycobactericide MIC=64 ug/ml PR14:303 ; Nematicide IC86=100 ug/ml NIG MLC=1,000 ug/ml SZ44:183 ; Perfumery M11 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative; Trichomonicide LD100=300 ug/ml FT67:279
GERANYL-ACETATE Plant 120 - 556 ppm BML 1
Allergenic M&R333 ; FLavor FEMA 1-20 ARC ; Insectiphile JBH ; Perfumery JBH ; Sedative JA6(4):40
GERANYL-BUTYRATE Plant 66 - 233 ppm GEO 1
FLavor FEMA 1-10 ARC ; Perfumery ARC ; Sedative ZEB
GERANYL-FORMATE Plant 100 - 175 ppm BML
FLavor FEMA 1-10 ARC ; Perfumery ARC
HYDROXYCITRONELLIC-ACID Plant: JSG
No activity reported.
ISOAMYL-ALCOHOL Plant: AYL
Emetic ZEB ; Irritant ZEB ; Perfume ZEB
ISOBUTYL-ALCOHOL Plant: GEO
Irritant DUKE1992B ; Narcotic DUKE1992B
ISOPULEGOL Plant: HHB
Antiacetylcholinesterase IC50=2.0 mM JAF45:677 ; FLavor FEMA 5-30 ARC ; Perfumery ARC
ISOVALERALDEHYDE Plant: GEO
FLavor FEMA 0.5-5 ARC
L-3-METHYL-1-PENTANAL Plant: GEO
No activity reported.
L-3-METHYL-1-PENTANOL Plant: GEO
No activity reported.
L-LIMONENE Plant 80 - 350 ppm BML GEO
Antiacetylcholinesterase IC25=1.2 mM JAF45:677 IC27=164 ug/ml JAF46:3434
LINALOL Plant 40 - 105 ppm HHB
No activity reported.
LINALYL-ACETATE Plant 80 - 140 ppm BML
Anesthetic 0.01-1 ug/ml; Antioxidant 400 ppm SPI:282 ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.21 mg/ml FT59:465 ; FLavor FEMA 2-15 ARC ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Perfumery M11 ; Sedative
METHYL-EUGENOL Plant 20 - 60 ppm GEO
Anesthetic DUKE1992B ; Antibacterial IJO15(4):199 ; Anticonvulsant DUKE1992B ; Antidote (Strychnine) DUKE1992B ; Antifeedant 382 ; Antioxidant EC50=100 ul/l PMP22:233 ; Antiradicular PMP22:233 ; Antiseptic DUKE1992B ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Carcinogenic 411 ; FLavor FEMA 5-15 ARC ; Fungicide DUKE1992B ; Fungistat 100 ug/mL PR4(3):93 ; Insectifuge 382 ; Myorelaxant FT61:254.1990 ; Narcotic DUKE1992B ; Nematicide MIC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative DUKE1992B
METHYL-HEPTENONE Plant: GEO
No activity reported.
METHYL-ISOEUGENOL Plant 92 - 161 ppm BML
Anesthetic JBH ; Antiaggregant IC50=56 ug/mL PR4(3):93 ; Antibacterial JBH ; Antihistaminic JBH ; Antispasmodic JBH ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidicide PR4(3):93 ; Expectorant JBH ; FLavor FEMA 5-100 ARC ; Herbicide JBH ; Insect-attractant DUKE1992B ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Toxic JBH
MYRCENE Plant: BML
ACE-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml K26575 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor TYK1992:95 ; Allergenic M&R154 ; Analgesic EMM18:28 ; Antibacterial DUKE1992B ; Anticonvulsant X11085358 ; Antimutagenic EMM18:28 ; Antinitrosaminic X10606544 ; Antinociceptive 10-20 mg/kg ipr mus JPP42:877 20-40 mg/kg scu mus JPP42:877 ; Antioxidant JA6(4):33 ; Antispasmodic PM&T20:213.1986 ; Chemopreventive 525 ; FLavor FEMA 0.5-9 ARC ; Fungicide TOX ; Hypothermic X11085358 ; Insectifuge DUKE1992B ; Irritant ZEB ; Myorelaxant 100-200 mg/kg X12587690 ; P450-2B1-Inhibitor IC50=0.14 uM X9242356 ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
N-1-HEXANOL Plant: GEO
No activity reported.
NERAL Plant: BML
Antibacterial IWU ; Antispasmodic JAR10:7 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Termiticide LD100=5 mg/g JAF50:1389
NEROL Plant 308 - 539 ppm BML
Antibacterial HG17 ; Antihelicobacter X14506036 ; Antiseptic LAF ; Antiulcer X14506036 ; Estrogenic X12495555 ; FLavor FEMA 1-20 ARC ; Perfumery M11 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative ZEB ; Trichomonicide ED100=300 ug/ml FT67:279
SESQUICITRONELLENE Plant: GEO
No activity reported.
VANILLIN Plant: GEO
Allelochemic IC50=4.26 mM 438 ; Allergenic M&R416 ; Antianemic X15180869 ; Anticancer JAF47:397 ; Antidrepanocytic X15180869 ; Antiescherichic 10-100 mmol/l X15186447 ; Antilactobacillic X15186447 ; Antilisteria X14968973 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antioxidant =ascorbic acid; Antipolio EMP5:194 ; Antiradicular 7 x quercetin JAF47:397 ; Antisickling; Antitumor JAF47:397 ; Antitumor-Promoter JAF47:397 ; Antiviral EMP5:194 ; Antiyeast 8-30 mM X14968976 ; Bacteristat 10-40 mmol/l X15186447 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidicide 8-20 mM X14968976 ; Choleretic RIN ; FLavor FEMA 50-20,000 ARC ; Fungicide JBH ; Immunosuppressant RWG29 ; Insectifuge? MAR ; Irritant; Perfumery; Pesticide DUKE1992B
The source of the experience
Dr Dukes plant databaseConcepts, symbols and science items
Concepts
Symbols
Science Items
Activities and commonsteps
Commonsteps
References
1: Kameoka, H. and Nakai, K. 1987. Components of essential oil from the root of Glycyrrhiza-glabra. Nippon Gogeikagaku Kaishi 61(9): 1119-1122. Note: Assumes 1% EO
382: Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.
411: Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.
438: Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.
450: Russell, G. B., Phytochemical resources for crop protection, N. Z. J. Technol., 2, 1986, 127-134.
525: Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.
AEHD1:121: Jim Duke's personal files
ARC: Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry Note: Most ARC numerical data were in mg/dl. I know of no other plant where zinc is more prevalent than other minerals and protein. These data should be viewed as suspect.
ARO95:16: Jim Duke's personal files
AYL: Leung, A.Y., Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980.
BBR225:869: Jim Duke's personal files
BML: Lawrence, B.M., Essential Oils 1976-1977, Essential Oils 1978, Essential Oils 1979-1980. Note: Three annual compilations on essential oils. Percentages multiplied by 250-10,000 ppm and rounded to get fresh and dry weights.
BVC:162: Buchbauer et al, e.g.Buchbauer et al,1993.Therapeutic properties of essential oils and fragrances. Chap.12 in Teranishi,R, Buttery,R.G and Sugisawa,H. Eds. Bioactive Volatile Compounds from Plants. ACS Symposium Series 525. Amer. Chem. Soc., Washington DC
CAN: Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.
CPB38:2283: Shimizu,*M., et al. 1990. Anti-inflammatory Constituents of Topically Applied Crude Drugs. IV.1) Constituents and Anti-inflammatory Effect of Paraguayan Crude Drug "Alhucema" (Lavandula latifolia Vill.)2). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(8): 2283-2284, 1990.
CWW: Wright,C.W.(Ed)2002.Medicinal&Aromatic Plants-Industrial Profiles.Artemisia.344pp.Maffei,M.(Ed)2002.Vetiveria.The Genus Vetiveria.Taylor&Francis.NY,NY.191pp.Southwell,I.,Lowe,R.(Eds)1999.Tea Tree.The Genus Melaleuca.Harwood Acad.Pub.Amsterdam,Netherlands.
DUKE1992B: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their activities. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.
EMM18:28: Kauderer, B., Zamith, H., Paumgartten, F.J.R., and Speit, G. Evaluation of the Mutagenicity of B-Myrcene in Mammalian Cells In Vitro. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 18: 28-34, 1991.
EMP5:194: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 194.
EMP5:195: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 195.
EMP6:235: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.
FT59:465: Fitoterapia No.59-1984.
FT61:254.1990: Fitoterapia No.61: 254, 1990.
FT67:279: Jim Duke's personal files
FT71:S131: Jim Duke's personal files
GEO: Guenther, E., The Essential Oils, 6 volumes, D. van Nostrand, New York, 1948-1952.
GPH27:629: Chen, S. J., Wang, M. H., Chen, I. J. 1996. Antiplatelet and Calcium Inhibitory Properties of Eugenol and Sodium Eugenol Acetate. Gen Pharmacol, 27(4): 629-633.
HG17: HerbalGram No. 17.
HHB: List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.
HHM7:7: Jim Duke's personal files
IJO15(4):199: Internat. J. Oriental Med. 15(4): 199, 1990+
IWU: Iwu, M.M. 1993. Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 435 pp.
J14432: Jim Duke's personal files
JA6(4):33: Jim Duke's personal files.
JA6(4):40: Jim Duke's personal files.
JAF40:2329: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF41:1103: Muroi, H. and Kubo, I. 1993. Combination Effects of Antibacterial Compounds in Green Tea Flavor against Streptococcus mutans. J. Agric. Food Chem. 41: 1102-1105.
JAF43:2144: Yu, S.G., Anderson, P.J., and Elson, C.E. 1995. Efficacy of B-Ionone in the Chemoprevention of Rat Mammary Carcinogenesis. J. Agric. Food Chem. 43: 2144-2147.
JAF44:2802: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF45:3276: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF45:677: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF46:1268: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF46:3434: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF47:397: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF47:4574: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:1389: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:1400: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:4576: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF51:2837: Jim Duke's personal files
JAR10:7: Jim Duke's personal files
JAR12:99: Jim Duke's personal files
JAR4:22: J. Aromatherapy 4: 22.
JBH: Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
JBT117:11: Jim Duke's personal files
JE26:72: Jim Duke's personal files
JE26:75: Jim Duke's personal files
JEO2:185: Buchbauer, G., Jirovetz*, L., Nikiforov, A., Remberg, G., Raverdino, V. 1989. Headspace-Analysis and Aroma Compounds of Austrian Hay-Blossoms (Flores Graminis, Graminis Flos) used in Aromatherapy. J. Ess. Oil Res., 2: 185-191, 1990.
JN127:668: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP39:446: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP49:5750: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP55:999: Zheng, G-Q., Kenney, P.M., and Lam, L.K.T. Sesquiterpenes From Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) As Potential Anticarcinogenic Agents. Journal of Natural Products 55(7): 999-1003, 1992.
JNP65:1517: Jim Duke's personal files
JPP42:877: Rao, V.S.N., Menezes, A.M.S., Viana, G.S.B. 1990. Effect of myrcene on nociception in mice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 877-878, 1990.
JPP46:16: Yamamoto, A., Umemori, S., and Muranishi, S. 1993. Absorption Enhancement of Intrapulmonary Administered Insulin by Various Absorption Enhancers and Protease Inhibitors in Rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46: 14-18, 1994.
JSG: J.S. Glasby Dict.Pls Containing 2ndary Metabolite. 1991.
JSPR22:141: J. Stored. Prod. Res., 22:141, 1986.
JSPR22:141.1986: Jim Duke's personal files
K26575: Jim Duke's personal files
KCH: Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.
LAB58: Jim Duke's personal files
LAF: Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.
LAF337: Jim Duke's personal files
LIP32:151: Jim Duke's personal files
LRN-DEC93: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Dec-93.
LRN-JUL87: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Jul-87.
LRN-JUN90: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Jun-90.
LRN-SEP97: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Sep-97.
M&R154: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R333: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R416: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R488: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R489: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R514: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R523: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R594: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R618: Jim Duke's personal files
M11: Merck 11th Edition
MAD: Madaus, G. 1976. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Hilfmittel. Vol,. 1-3. 2862 pp. (+ 144 p. index). Georg Olms Verlag, Hildescheim. Reprint of 1938 Madaus.
MAR: Martindale's 28th
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ppm = parts per million
tr = trace
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