Observations placeholder
Dr Duke's list of Chemicals, Biological Activities and References in: Symphytum officinale L. (Boraginaceae) -- Comfrey
Identifier
018926
Type of Spiritual Experience
Background
A description of the experience
Dr. Duke's
Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Symphytum officinale L. (Boraginaceae) -- Comfrey
Chemicals
ALLANTOIN Leaf 13,000 ppm; DUKE1992A Root 6,000 - 8,000 ppm DUKE1992A
ALUMINUM Root 237 ppm; DUKE1992A
ASCORBIC-ACID Root 132 ppm; DUKE1992A
ASH Root 140,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
ASPARAGINE Root 10,000 - 30,000 ppm DUKE1992A
BETA-CAROTENE Root 660 ppm; DUKE1992A
BORNESITOL Root: GMJ
CAFFEIC-ACID Root: DUKE1992A
CALCIUM Root 11,300 ppm; DUKE1992A
CARBOHYDRATES Root 759,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
CAROTENES Plant 6,300 ppm; DUKE1992A
CHLOROGENIC-ACID Root: DUKE1992A
CHOLINE Root: DUKE1992A
CHROMIUM Root 8 ppm; DUKE1992A
COBALT Root 129 ppm; DUKE1992A
CONSOLICINE Root: DUKE1992A
CONSOLIDINE Root 17 ppm; GMJ HHB
D-MANNOSE Root: DUKE1992A
ECHIMIDINE Root: DUKE1992A
ECHINATINE Root: DUKE1992A
FAT Root 17,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
FIBER Root 72,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
FRUCTOSE Root: DUKE1992A
GABA Root: DUKE1992A
GLUCOSE Root: DUKE1992A
GLUCURONIC-ACID Root: DUKE1992A
GUM Root 50,000 - 100,000 ppm DUKE1992A
HELIOSUPINE-N-OXIDE Root: DUKE1992A
HYPOXANTHINE Root: GMJ
IRON Root 810 ppm; DUKE1992A
ISOBANERENOL Root: DUKE1992A
KILOCALORIES Root 2,170 /kg; DUKE1992A
L-ARABINOSE Root: DUKE1992A
L-RHAMNOSE Root: DUKE1992A
LASIOCARPINE Root: DUKE1992A
LITHOSPERMIC-ACID Root: DUKE1992A
LYCOPSAMINE Root: DUKE1992A
MAGNESIUM Root 1,700 ppm; DUKE1992A
MANGANESE Root 67 ppm; DUKE1992A
MUCILAGE Root 290,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES Root 250,000 - 300,000 ppm DUKE1992A
NIACIN Root: DUKE1992A
OCTADECATETRAENIC-ACID Seed: DUKE1992A
PHOSPHORUS Root 2,111 ppm; DUKE1992A
POTASSIUM Root 15,900 ppm; DUKE1992A
PROTEIN Root 94,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
PYROCATECHINS Root 24,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
REDUCING-SUGARS Root 51,500 ppm; DUKE1992A
RESIN Root: DUKE1992A
RIBOFLAVIN Root 7.2 ppm; DUKE1992A
ROSMARINIC-ACID Leaf 5,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
SELENIUM Root: DUKE1992A
SILICIC-ACID Leaf 40,000 ppm; DUKE1992A Root: DUKE1992A
SILICON Root 35 ppm; DUKE1992A
SITOSTEROL Root: DUKE1992A
SODIUM Root 3,510 ppm; DUKE1992A
STIGMASTEROL Root: DUKE1992A
SUCROSE Root: DUKE1992A
SYMLANDINE Plant: DUKE1992A
SYMPHYTINE Root: DUKE1992A
SYMPHYTOCYNOGLOSSIN Root 21 ppm; GMJ HHB
TANNIN Plant 80,000 - 90,000 ppm DUKE1992A
THIAMIN Root 1.2 ppm; DUKE1992A
TIN Root 6.7 ppm; DUKE1992A
VIRIDIFLORINE Plant: DUKE1992A
WATER Root 862,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
XYLOSE Root: DUKE1992A
ZINC Root 2.8 ppm; DUKE1992A
Activities
ABeta-Inhibitor X16495207
ACE-Inhibitor NP6:1
Acetylcholinergic DUKE1992B
Acidulant FEMA 6,000 ARC
Adenylate-Cyclase-Inhibitor CPB37:1287
Aggregant PAM
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 4 ug/ml (weak activity) SKN43:99 IC50=1.8 uM rat (strong activity) CPB47:340 SYN-X X16249088
Allelochemic SN149:389
Allergenic M&R317 M&R610 WER
Amphiglycemic? DAS
Analeptic DUKE1992B
Analgesic 1-4 g/day WER 200 ug/day WER 5-10 g/day PMP23:51 TEI
Androgenic? PAM
Angiotensin-Receptor-Blocker NP6:1
Anorexic 52
Anthelmintic JNP59:205
Antiacne 135 mg/day 200 ug/day WER MPP PAM DUKE1992B
Antiacrodermatitic 8-34 mg/day/orl/chd M29
Antiacrodynic DUKE1992B
Antiadenoviral EMP5:207
AntiAGE 2,000 mg/day SYN-X 200-1,000 ug SYN-X
Antiaggregant 400 mg/day JBH LAF PAM SYN-X
Antiaging 200-1,000 ug SYN-X 400 mg/day PM69:1125 DUKE1992B
Antiakathisic M29
Antialcoholic 50-100 mg/day FHN JBH PIL
Antiallergic 50 mg/2x/day WER 500 mg/day BPB24:1206 PIL
Antialopecic DAS
Antialzheimeran 100-3,000 mg/day WER 2,000-6,000 mg/day 5-16 g/man/day 50 mg/day WER PIL X16524383
Antiamblyopic DUKE1992B
Antianaphylactic 1-100 mg/kg orl IJI10:729 ID50=1 mg/kg ivn rat DUKE1992B ID50=10 mg/kg ims rat DUKE1992B
Antianemic M29 MAR
Antianginal 400 mg/day WER DUKE1992B
Antiangiogenic 2 uM BO2 230 ug/kg orl rat BO2 X16606632
Antianorectic DAS JBH
Antianorexic M29
Antianxiety 400 mg/day WER DAS
Antiarabiflavinotic 2-10 mg/day orl MAR
Antiarrhythmic 400 mg/day 500-1,500 mg RAF DAS
Antiarteriosclerotic DAS
Antiarthritic 0.2-1 g/day 1,000 mg/day WAF 50 mg/3x/day/orl/man DAS MPP PIL
Antiasthmatic 1,000 mg/day WER MPP PAM
Antiatherogenic X15712986
Antiatherosclerotic 20 ug/day 400 mg/day 500 mg/day WER IC50=0.74 uM JAF45:578 MPP X11413687
Antibackache 1-4 g/day WER
Antibacterial DAS JE26:74 PM55:663 DUKE1992B
Antiberiberi DUKE1992B
AntiBPH 25-60 mg/day
Anticancer JAF47:397 JNU
Anticancer (Colon) PAL:335
Anticancer (Forestomach) PAL:335
Anticancer (Liver) PAL:335
Anticancer (Skin) PAL:335
Anticanker 100 mg/day WER MPP
Anticarcinogenic EMP6:189 JAF45:1523
Anticarcinomic PAM
Anticardiospasmic DUKE1992B
Anticariogenic JNP59:205
Anticarpal-Tunnel 50 mg/day WER
Anticataract 1 g 3x/day 15 mg/day WER 30 mg/day WER 350 mg/day WER 400 mg/day SYN-X 400 ug/day MPP PIL DUKE1992B
Anticephalagic PIL DUKE1992B
Anticerebrotic JBH
Anticervicaldysplasic 1,000-2,000 mg/day 1.6-10 mg/day WAF MPP
AntiCFS 200 ug TE2 500-1,000 mg TE2 PIL
Anticheilitic DAS DUKE1992B
Antichilblain JBH
Antichoreic 1-32 g/man/day M29 DAS
Anticirrhotic 6,000 mg/man/day DUKE1992B DAS
Anticlimacteric 1,000-1,500 mg/day WAF 200 ug/day WAF 500-5,000 mg/day WAF 500-750 mg/day
Anticoagulant LAF
Anticoeliac MAR
Anticold 1-2 g/man/day 50 mg DAS
Anticolitic DAS DUKE1992B
Anticomplementary 1/2 aspirin 20 mg/kg ivn CAN
Anticonvulsant 3 g/day WER 4,120 mg/kg ipr mus BBE FAC
Anticorneotic DAS
Anticoronary 200 ug/day 30 mg/day SYN-X 400 mg/day SYN-X 50 mg/man/2 days CMR3/4/91:16
AntiCrohn's 50-100 mg/day/orl/man M29 DAS
AntiCTS 1,000 mg 3x/day WAF
Anticystinuric DUKE1992B
Antidandruff ALH DAS
Antidecubitic 500 mg/man/2x/day MAR DUKE1992B
Antideliriant DUKE1992B
Antidementia MPP PIL PJB1(1):171
Antidepressant 2,000 mg/day WER 200 ug/day WAF DAS X11917505
Antidermatitic DAS
Antidiabetic 10-30 mg/man/day 200-1,000 ug 3-5 mg/day WER 30 mg/day SYN-X 400-800 mg/man/day JBH SYN-X X15796587 DUKE1992B
Antidiabetic? WIC
Antidiarrheic DUKE1992B
Antidiscotic DAS
Antidote (Aluminum) DAS EMP6:189
Antidote (Cadmium) DAS LL-MAY89
Antidote (Camphor) PJB1(3):241
Antidote (Lead) DAS
Antidote (Mercury) DAS
Antidote (Morphine) PJB1(3):241
Antidote (Paraquat) MAR
Antidysenteric DUKE1992B
Antidysgeuzic WRI
Antidyskinetic 150-200 mg/kg/man/day MAR
Antidysmenorrheic 100 mg 4 x/day WER
Antidyspeptic PIL
Antidysphagic DUKE1992B
AntiEBV EMP6:189
Antieczemic 150 mg/day WER 3.5-5 g/day WER
Antiedemic 0.316-3.16 mg/kg ims IJI10:729 1 g/man/day DAS EMP6:189 JBH
Antielastase IC50=86 ug/ml (475 uM) PM69:820 IC50=93 um/l X11199135
Antiencephalitic DAS
Antiencephalopathic M29
Antiendometriotic 2,000 mg/day WAF 500 mg/day WAF
Antienterotic KEN
Antiepileptic 100 mg/day WER 3 g/day WER 450 mg/day WER
Antiescherichic PR14:561
Antifatigue 200 ug TE2 500-1,000 mg TE2 DAS JBH KEN
Antifeedant
Antifibromyalgic 200-300 mg 3x/day
Antifibrotic 1,000-2,000 mg WAF 30 mg WAF 400 ug WAF
Antiflu EMP5:207
Antifuruncular 45 mg/3x/day/man MAR
Antigallstone 1,000-3,000 mg/day WAF
Antigastritic JBH PIL
Antigastrotic KEN
Antigenotoxic JAF45:1523
Antigingivitic
Antiglaucomic 2 g/day WER ABEL1999
Antiglossitic DAS
Antiglycosuric 200-1,000 ug
Antigonadotrophic JNM1:10
Antigonadotropic JNM1:10
Antigout 200 ug WAF
Antihangover 1,000 mg WAF 15 mg WAF 50 mg WAF DUKE1992B
Antiheartburn DUKE1992B
Antihemolytic 10 uM PC36:579 25 uM PC36:579 IC70=5-10 um/l IJI10:729
Antihemorrhagic 1 g/man/day DAS
Antihepatitic 2-6 g/man/day DAS
Antihepatoadenomic 200 ppm diet orl mus ACS661:230
Antihepatotoxic EMP6:189 JNP59:205 M11 PJB1(3):241 PM56(2):173 PM56:173 DUKE1992B
Antiherpetic 1-5 g/day 50 ug/ml V&D EC50=20 ug/ml POP:270 EC50=>50 ug/ml POP:270 EMP5:194 DUKE1992B
Antiherpetic? 25-60 mg/day
Antihiccup 1 tsp M29
Antihistaminic 2 g/day orl man 50 mg 2x/day WER DUKE1992B
AntiHIV EC50=200 ug/ml EC50=40 ug/ml POP:270 EMP6:189 JNP59:205 PMM
Antihomocysteine SN160:282
Antihyperactivity 1.5-6 g/day WER
Antihypercholesterolemic EMP6:189
Antihyperkeratotic
Antihyperkinetic DAS
Antihypertensive 1,000-4,000 mg/man/day DUKE1992B JNP59:205 NP6:1
Antihyperthyroid X6724503
Antihypoglycemic DAS
Antiichythyotic PAM
Antiimpotence M29
Antiinfective 50 mg/day WER
Antiinfertility 1 g/day WER 60 mg/day WER
Antiinflammatory 100 mg 4 x/day WER IC~58=1,000 uM JE26:82 LRN1995 PAM PCF:19
Antiinsomniac DAS DUKE1992B
Antiinsomnic 1 g/day WER
Antiintegrase 10 ug/ml
Antikeratitic DUKE1992B
Antikeshan DAS
Antiketotic M11
AntiLegionella YAK122:487
Antilepric 1.5 g/man/day MAR M29
Antilethargic DUKE1992B
Antileukemic 1.6 mg/kg ipr mus BO2 AJC31:37
Antileukonychic MTM
Antileukoplakic
Antileukotriene PAM DUKE1992B
Antilipolytic JNP59:205
Antilipoperoxidant IC71=50 ug/ml X16277432 PM56:173
Antilithic 1,000-3,000 mg/day WAF PAM
Antilupus 150 mg/man/day/2 mos MAR
AntiLyme 400-1,000 mg 50 mg 50 mg/day KEn 500-2,000 mg KEN
Antilymphomic X16762953
Antimaculitic PIL
Antimanic 15-30 g/man/day/orl PAM
Antimastalgic PAM
Antimastitic PAM
Antimeasles DAS
Antimelanogenic JAF50:3718
Antimelanomic 480 ug/kg BO2
AntiMeniere's JAD
Antimenopausal 1,000-1,500 mg/day 200 ug/day WAF 500-5,000 mg/day WAF 500-750 mg/day
Antimenorrhagic 100 mg/day/wmn/orl PAM
Antimetastatic 480 ug/kg BO2 X16606632
Antimigraine 200 mg/day/man WER M29 DUKE1992B
Antimitral-valve-prolapse PIL
AntiMS
Antimutagenic EMP6:235 PCF:18 PCF:245 X16536576 DUKE1992B
Antimyalgic 200 ug/day WER
Antimyocarditic DUKE1992B
Antinauseant JBH
Antinephritic CPB38:1049 JNP59:843
Antinephrolytic
Antineuralgic 1-4 g/day WER DUKE1992B
Antineuramidase X634178
Antineurasthenic DUKE1992B
Antineuritic DUKE1992B
Antineuropathic 50 mg WER TEI
Antineurotic DAS
AntiNF-kB BO2
Antinitrosaminic PCF:18
Antinitrosic 1 g/man/day MAR
Antinociceptive PR14:401 X579998
Antinyctalopic WRI
Antiobesity 1 g 3x/day WER 200-1,000 ug SYN-X 30 mg/day SYN-X PIL DUKE1992B
Antionychyotic PIL
Antiophidic 2.3 mg ipr mus EMP5:363 FT65(2):101
Antiophthalmic M29
Antiorchitic DAS
Antiosteoarthritic 1 g 2x/day WER HSC25:1487
Antiosteoporotic 500 mg/day 500-1,000 mg/day/wmn/orl 500-2,000 mg/day DAS
Antiototic DAS
Antioxidant 1.3 x Vit. E BO2 1/2 BHA JAF50:889 1/3 quercetin JAF47:397 10 uM PHM7:7 100 ppm DUKE1992B 100-200 (-400) ug/man/day 30 mM JAF48:235 50 uM PC27:973 EC50=2.7 ug/ml FT62:170 IC33=10 uM JMF5:1 IC50=1.44 ug/ml CPB38:1051 IC50=54.2 uM X15796587 IC53=200 ppm PCF:21 IC57=30 ppm PCF:221 IC80=12 uM PC27:973 M11 PAM PIL X12058360
Antioxidant (LDL) IC50=0.74 uM JAF45:578
Antiozenic DUKE1992B
Antipapillomic MPP
Antiparkinsonian 1 g 2-3x/day 100 mg/day WER 200-400 ug/day WAF
Antiparotitic DAS
Antipellagric DAS DUKE1992B
Antipeptic 30-130 mg/man/day 25th
Antiperiodontitic 1 g 2x/day WER 750 mg/day WER MPP
Antiperoxidant IC35=200 ug/ml JAF50:2993 IC50=36 uM PM57:A54 IC50=44 uM PM57:A54 IC85=100 ug/ml X15796587
Antiphotophobic 30-300 mg/man/day M29 DAS
Antipityriasic PAM
Antiplaque 500-1,000 mg/day WAF M29 X16524383
AntiPMS 1 g/day 400-800 mg/day/wmn orl 400-800 mg/day/wmn/orl JAFC34:409 PIL
Antipneumonic PAM
Antipodriac DAS
Antipolio V&E
Antipoliomyelitic DAS DUKE1992B
Antiporphyric 30-300 mg/man/day MAR
Antiprolactin PAM
Antiproliferant 2 uM BO2 AJC31:37 JNU X11270716
Antiprostaglandin 20 mg/kg ivn CAN PJB1(1):169
Antiprostatitic 50 mg/man/day/orl PAM
Antiproteolytic IC50=0.9 mol l HH2
Antipsoriac 2% MAR PAM
Antipulmonotic VET94
Antipyretic EMP6:189
Antiradicular 1/3 quercetin JAF47:397 10 uM PC36:579 100-200 (-400) ug/man/day SYN-X 30 mM JAF48:235 500 mg/kg/day orl mus CPB38:1049 9 x quercetin JAF47:397 IC50=32-35 uM JAF50:7022 PAM PM56:173 SYN-X X12058360
AntiRaynaud's 1,500-4,000 mg/day WAF 280-350 mg/day WAF 500 mg 1-2x/day WAF
Antirenitic CPB38:1049
Antiretinopathic 400 mg/day SYN-X
Antiretinotic PIL
Antirheumatic 1,000 mg/day WAF DAS MPP
Antirhinitic 1,000 mg 3x/day WAF
Antiscorbutic 10 mg/man/day MAR
Antiscotomic DUKE1992B
Antiseptic 4-8 g/day SYN-X 50 mg/day WER MIC=3.3-217 mg/ml MAR JE26:76 PMP23:51
Antishingles DAS
Antishock IJI10:735
Antisickling PM56(1):41
Antisilicotic MPT
Antispare-Tire 30 mg/day SYN-X
Antispasmodic 100 mg 2x/day WER 500-5,000 mg/day WAF EC50=3.4-15 uM PR4:73 DAS PIL
Antispasmophilic 500 mg/day WER
Antistaphylococcic PR14:561
Antisteatotic JN133:1302
Antistomatitic 50 mg/man/3x/day MAR EMP5:207
Antistress 500-1,000 mg 500-1,500 mg/day WAF 500-750 mg/day WAF DAS SHT76
Antistroke 400 mg/day SYN-X
Antisunburn PM61:510
Antisyndrome-X 1-4 g/day SYN-X 10-30 mg/man/day SYN-X 100-200 (-400) ug/man/day SYN-X 200-800 ug SYN-X 30 mg/day SYN-X 400 mg/man/day SYN-X
Antithiamin PCF:69
Antithyreotropic DUKE1992B
Antithyroid JNM1:10
Antitic DAS
Antitinnitic 60-120 mg/day WER DUKE1992B
Antitriglyceride 20 ug/day WER 200-1,000 ug SYN-X 30 mg/day SYN-X
Antitumor 100-200 (-400) ug/man/day SYN-X 200 ppm diet orl mus 526 HSC25:1495 JBH PAM
Antitumor (brain) 38-150 ug/kg BO2
Antitumor (Breast) 0.8 mg/kg scu mus BO2 150 ug/kg diet rat BO2 230 ug/kg orl rat BO2 333.6 ug/day BO2 IC45=60 ug/ml X16277432
Antitumor (CNS) IC43=45 ug/ml X16277432
Antitumor (Colon) X16277432 PAL:335
Antitumor (Forestomach) PAL:335
Antitumor (Gastric) PIL
Antitumor (Liver) PAL:335
Antitumor (Lung) 240 ug/kg diet BO2 IC30=60 ug/ml X16277432 NR54:S71
Antitumor (Prostate) MES PIL
Antitumor (Skin) JAF50:3718
Antitumor (Stomach) IC26=45 ug/ml X16277432
Antitumor-Promoter IC25=10 uM IC42=10 uM CR48:5941 JAF47:397
Antiulcer 12 mg 3x/day/man/orl PAM 15,000-25,000 IU/day WAF 50 mg/3x/day/man MAR 88 mg/rat/day/15 days PIL EMP6:189 JE26:82 JNP59:205 PAM
Antiulcerogenic JE29:25
Antiuremic JNP59:843
Antivaccinia EMP5:207
Antivaginitic MAR
Antivaricose JBH
Antivertigo DUKE1992B
Antiviral 1-5 g/day EC50=40 ug/ml IC50=62.5 ug/ml PS75:161 V&D
Antiviral? M29
Antixerophthalmic DAS
Anxiolytic 500-1,500 mg/day 500-750 mg/day SHT76 WAF X11917505 X12802204
AP-1-Inhibitor 2-50 uM BO2
Apoptotic 1-10 mM BO2 X16534555
Artemicide LC50=110 ppm PC29(5):1667
Asthma-preventive 1,000 mg/day/orl PAM
Astringent MAR
Atherogenic PAM
Autotoxic JCE26:315
Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Blocker NP6:1
Beta-Blocker NP6:1
Beta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor 1.5 g/day/man BO2
Calcium-Antagonist IC50=1.2 uM rbt K16299 NP6:1
Calcium-Channel-Blocker NP6:1
Cancer-Preventive 22 ppm 505 525 DAS HG22:14
Candidicide MAR
Carcinogenic 2% (diet) AHP156 DUKE1992B
Cardiodepressant SN160:282
Cardiomyopathogenic DAS
Cardioprotective 200 ug/day 3,000-5,000 mg PIL PIL DUKE1992B
Cardiotonic DUKE1992B
Cardiotoxic 18,000 mg/man/day DUKE1992B
Cardiovascular 208 ivn dog BBE
Cerebrotonic SN160:282
Chelator JNP59:205
Chemopreventive JAF53:3882 MES X15712986
Cholagogue WIC
Choleretic 411 KCH
Cholinergic CAN
Circulotonic PIL
Clastogenic JAF38:805 JBH
CNS-Active WIC
CNS-Depressant FAC DUKE1992B
CNS-Inhibitor 0.1 mg/kg ivn cat BBE 100 mg/kg ivn dog BBE 2,500 mg/kg scu mus BBE
CNS-Paralytic DUKE1992B
CNS-Stimulant 1/6 Caffeine
Co-carcinogenic PCF:44
Cold-preventive 1-2 g/day DAS
Collagen-Sparing PM61:510
Collagenic BO2 PIL
Collyrium JBH
Colorant JBH
Controlled HG23
Copper-Antagonist SYN-X
COX-1-Inhibitor IC58=1,000 uM PHM7:7 IC78=50 ug/ml X16277432
COX-2-Inhibitor IC32=100 uM JNP65:1517 IC82=50 ug/ml X16277432 IC>58=1,000 uM PHM7:7
Curaroid AEH
Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor JNP59:205
Cytoprotective CAN
Cytotoxic TC50=100-150 ug/ml POP:270 TC50=200 ug/ml POP:270
Deiodinase-Inhibitor JNM1:10
Demulcent JBH PJB1(2):279
Deodorant M29
Depressant 52
Detoxicant M11 DUKE1992B
Detoxicant (Alcohol) PIL
Diagnostic MAR
Diuretic 1,500-4,000 mg/man/day IJO13:168 700 mg/man/orl NP6:1 HG17 NP6:1 WIC
DNA-Active JBH
DNA-Protective JAF50:7022
Dye M11
Encephalopathic M29
Energizer HYL
Ergogenic PIL
Erythrocytogenic DAS
Estrogenic
Fibrinolytic MPP
Fistula-Preventive PAM
Flatugenic PFH46:77
Fungicide MIC=0.4 mg/ml DAS NIG
Gastroprotective X6654625
Glucosyl-Transferase-Inhibitor JNP59:205
Hepatocarcinogenic 400 ppm diet orl mus (in the absence of alcohol) ACS661:230
Hepatoprotective ACM:210 JN127:893S KCH DUKE1992B
Hepatotoxic HG23:36 JBH M11 PIL
Hepatotropic DUKE1992B
Histamine-Inhibitor DUKE1992B
Hypercholesterolemic PAM
Hyperglycemic M11
Hypertensive DAS
Hypocholesterolemic 20 ug/day WER 200-1,000 ug SYN-X 300-1,000 mg/day DAS 400 mg/day WER 50-100 mg 3x/day 500 mg/day WER GAZ NIG DUKE1992B
Hypoglycemic 10-30 mg/man/day 200-1,000 ug SYN-X X15796587 DUKE1992B
Hypolipidemic RWG:17
Hypotensive 1 g/day WER 1,000 mg/man/day 1,000-4,000 mg/day DUKE1992B 10 g/man/day/orl PAM 200-1,000 ug SYN-X 260-500 mg/day 30 mg/day SYN-X DUKE1992B
Hypouricemic X12350076
Ileorelaxant FT1990:509
Immunomodulator HYL JAF50:5878 KEN PIL
Immunostimulant 100-200 (-400) ug/man/day SYN-X 180 mg/man/day/orl PAM DAS PJB1(1):181 PPL7:187 SYN-X DUKE1992B
Immunosuppressant 300 mg/day/6 wks/orl/man M29 RWG29
Insectifuge 75-150 mg/man/day MAR EB48:111
Insulinogenic 30 mg/day SYN-X 400 mg/day SYN-X DUKE1992B
Interferon-Synergist PJB1(2):264
Interferonogenic EMP1:124 PAM
Juvabional 382
Keratolytic MAR
Larvistat JBH
Laxative 1,000-1,200 mg WAF 300-500 mg/day AJC62:1212 DUKE1992B
Leptingenic 30-60 mg/man/day SYN-X
Leukotriene-Inhibitor DUKE1992B
Lipotropic JE26:86
Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC23=5 mM JAF38:688 IC27=5 mM JAF38:688 IC50=62-148 uM JAF44:2057 JAF46:4545 JNP59:205
Lithogenic DAS
Litholytic PIL
Lyase-Inhibitor IC50=94-164 uM JAF44:2057
MAO-Inhibitor JNP59:205
Memorigenic HYL SN160:282
Memory-Enhancer SN138:189.1990
Metal-Chelator PCF:25
Mucogenic JPP42:657 PAM
Mucolytic 1 g/woman/day MAR
Mutagenic JBH
Myoparalytic AEH
Myorelaxant 100 mg 4 x/day WER
Neoplastic CRC
Neuroinhibitor OHAI13:165
Neuroprotective PIL X16495207
Neurotoxic (to birds) JBH
Neurotransmitter
NF-kB-Inhibitor BO2 X16606632
NO-Genic JAF50:850
Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor BO2 JNP59:205 PCF:19
Osteogenic DAS
Oviposition-Stimulant JBH
Ovulant DUKE1992B
Parasympathomimetic (1/1,000th acetylcholine) HDN
Pesticide DUKE1992B
Phagocytotic PAM
Polyamine-Synthesis-Inhibitor BO2
Preservative M11
Prooxidant 20 ug/g JAF44:2096 JAFC45:632 PIL
Prostaglandigenic RWG27
Prostaglandin-Sparer JPP42:655
Protein-Kinase-C-Inhibitor IC50=2-50 uM BO2
Psychotropic CPB38:1049
Radioprotective X16536576
Sedative 500 mg RWG17 HG40:12 PAM PM6:499.1986
Serotoninergic PAM
Spermigenic 60 mg/day WER
Sunscreen 0.1% AllHerb1998 IC50=2.5 mg/l FT64:134 IC91=5 mg/l FT64:134 IC98=25 mg/l FT64:134 PM61:510
Suppurative DUKE1992B
Sweetener 1 x sucrose M11 2 x glucose JBH LAF
Taenicide MAR
Testosteronigenic 60 mg/day WER
Thymoprotective PAM
Tranquilizer 500-1,500 mg/day WAF 500-750 mg/day WAF WER
Trichomonicide M29
Triglycerigenic PAM
Tumorigenic 505
Ubiquiot JBH
Uricogenic PAM
Uricosuric 4 g/man/day DAS
Urinary-Acidulant M29
Uterorelaxant 100 mg 4 x/day WER
Vasodilator M29 NP6:1
VEGF-Inhibitor BO2
Vulnerary CAN210 JE26:76 M29 MAR PAM PC29:660
Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC50=39.21 uM MAB JNP59:205
The source of the experience
Dr Dukes plant databaseConcepts, symbols and science items
Concepts
Symbols
Science Items
Activities and commonsteps
Commonsteps
References
25th: 25 Dispensatory
382: Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.
411: Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.
505: Jim Duke's personal files.
52: Cooper-Driver, G. A., Chemical substances in plants toxic to animals, pp. 213-47 in Rechcigl, M., Jr., ed. CRC Handbook of Naturally Occurring Food Toxicants, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1983, 339 pp.
525: Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.
526: Collins, D.J., Culvenor, C.C.J., Lamberton, J.A., Loder, J.W. and Price, J.R., Plants for Medicines, CSIRO, East Melbourne, Australia, 1990, 303 pp.
ABEL1999: Jim Duke's personal files
ACM:210: Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 210.
ACS661:230: Jim Duke's personal files
AEH: De Smet, P.A.G.M., Keller, K., Hansel, R. and Chandler, R.F., eds. 1993. Adverse Effects of Herbal Drugs 2. Springr-Verlag, Berlin. 348pp.
AHP156: Jim Duke's personal files
AJC31:37: Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med, 31(1):37-46.
AJC62:1212: Jim Duke's personal files
ALH: A.L.L. Hunting. Encyclopedia of Shampoo Ingredients. Micelle Press, Cranford NJ. 467 pp.
ARC: Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry Note: Most ARC numerical data were in mg/dl. I know of no other plant where zinc is more prevalent than other minerals and protein. These data should be viewed as suspect.
AllHerb1998: AllHerb1998
BBE: Borchard, R. E., Barnes, C. D., and Eltherton, L. G. 1991. Drug Dosage in Laboratory Animals: A Handbook. (3rd Ed.) The Telford Press, Inc., P. O. Box 287, Caldwell NJ 07006.
BO2: Jim Duke's personal files
BPB24:1206: Jim Duke's personal files
CAN: Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.
CAN210: Jim Duke's personal files
CMR3/4/91:16: Jim Duke's personal files
CPB37:1287: Jim Duke's personal files
CPB38:1049: Uchida, U., Ohta, H., Niwa, M., Mori, A., Nonaka, G-i., Nishioka, I., and Zaki, M. 1989. Prolongation of Life Span of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRSP) Ingesting Persimmon Tannin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(4): 1049-1052, 1990.
CPB38:1051: Jim Duke's personal files
CPB47:340: Yoshikawa, M., et al. 1999. Medicinal Flowers. I. Aldose Reductase Inhibitors and Three New Eudesmane-Type Sesquiterpenes, Kikkanols A, B, and C, From the Flowers of Chrysanthemum inducum L. Chem Pharm Bull, 47(3): 340-345.
CR48:5941: Cancer Research, 48: 5941.
CRC: CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs and/or CRC Handbook of Proximate Analyses
DAS: Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
DUKE1992A: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.
DUKE1992B: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their activities. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.
EB48:111: Tunon, H., Thorsell, W., and Bohlin, L. 1993. Mosquito Repelling Activity of Compounds Occurring in Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae). Economic Botany 48(2): 111-120, 1994.
EMP1:124: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 1: 124.
EMP5:194: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 194.
EMP5:207: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 207.
EMP5:363: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 363.
EMP6:189: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.
EMP6:235: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.
FAC: Facciola, S. 1998. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, Vista CA. 713 pp.
FHN: Forest H. Nielsen, USDA, Grand Forks, various publications.
FT1990:509: Jim Duke's personal files
FT62:170: Parveen, N. 1991. Antifilarial Activity of Vitex negundo Against Setaria cervi. Fitoterapia, 62(2): 163, 1991.
FT64:134: Lazarova*, G., Kostova, I., Neychev, H. 1992. Photodynamic damage prevention by some hydroxycoumarins. Fitoterapia 64(2): 134-136, 1993.
FT65(2):101: Jim Duke's personal files
GAZ: Jim Duke's personal files
GMJ: Grenand, P., Moretti, C., and Jacquemin, H. 1987. Pharmacopees Traditionnelles en Guyane. l'ORSTROM, Paris. 569 pp.
HDN: Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African Ethnobotany - Poisons and Drugs. Chapman & Hall, New York. 941 pp.
HG17: HerbalGram No. 17.
HG22:14: HerbalGram No. 22 - Spring 1990, page 14.
HG23: Jim Duke's personal files
HG23:36: Jim Duke's personal files
HG40:12: Jim Duke's personal files
HH2: Hansel, R., Keller, K., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1992. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Drogen (A-D), 1209 pp., 1993 (E-O), 970 pp., 1994 (P-Z), 1196 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
HHB: List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.
HSC25:1487: Jim Duke's personal files
HSC25:1495: Simon, P.W. Carrots and Other Horticultural Crops as a Source of Provitamin A Carotenes. HortScience, 25(12): 1495, 1990.
HYL: Jim Duke's personal files
IJI10:729: Int. J. Immunopharmacology. Vol 10: 729, 1988.
IJI10:735: Int. J. Immunopharmacology. Vol 10: 735, 1988.
IJO13:168: Jim Duke's personal files
JAD: Duke, J. A. Writeups or information summaries on approximately 2,000 economic plants, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705.
JAF38:688: Oszmianski, J. and Lee, C.Y. 1990. Inhibitory Effect of Phenolics on Carotene Bleaching in Vegetables. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38: 688-690.
JAF38:805: Friedman, M. and Dao, L. 1990. Effect of Autoclaving and Conventional and Microwave Baking on the Ergot Alkaloid and Chlorogenic Acid Contents of Morning Glory (Ipomoea tricolor Cav. cv.) Heavenly Blue Seeds. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38: 805-808.
JAF44:2057: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF44:2096: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF45:1523: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF45:578: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF46:4545: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF47:397: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF48:235: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:2993: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:3718: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:5878: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:7022: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:850: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:889: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF53:3882: Jim Duke's personal files
JAFC34:409: Jim Duke's personal files
JAFC45:632: Jim Duke's personal files
JBH: Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
JCE26:315: Jim Duke's personal files
JE26:74: Jim Duke's personal files
JE26:76: Jim Duke's personal files
JE26:82: Jim Duke's personal files
JE26:86: Jim Duke's personal files
JE29:25: Rafatullah, S., Tariq, M., Al-Yahya, M.A., Mossa, J.S., and Ageel, A.M. 1989. Evaluation of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) for Gastric and Duodenal Antiulcer Activity in Rats. J. of Ethnopharmacology, 29: 25-34, 1990.
JMF5:1: Jim Duke's personal files
JN127:893S: Jim Duke's personal files
JN133:1302: Jim Duke's personal files
JNM1:10: Jim Duke's personal files.
JNP59:205: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP59:843: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP65:1517: Jim Duke's personal files
JNU: Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY.
JPP42:655: Fujita, T., Nakatani, E., Funaishi, N., Sakuma, S., Fujimoto, Y. Potent inhibition of prostaglandin inactivation in rabbit gastric antral mucosal slices by selenium ions in-vitro. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 655-657, 1990.
JPP42:657: Li, K.M. Effect of zinc sulphate on acetic acid-induced gastric ulceration in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 657-659, 1990.
K16299: Jim Duke's personal files
KCH: Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.
KEN: Jim Duke's personal files
KEn: Jim Duke's personal files
LAF: Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.
LL-MAY89: Let's Live, May 1989.
LRN1995: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, 1995
M&R317: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R610: Jim Duke's personal files
M11: Merck 11th Edition
M29: Martindale's 29th
MAB: Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.
MAR: Martindale's 28th
MES: Jim Duke's personal files
MPP: Jim Duke's personal files
MPT: Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of the Tropics. Leeuwenberg, A.J.M., ed. Pudoc, Wageningen. 1987.
MTM: Jim Duke's personal files
NIG: Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.
NP6:1: Jim Duke's personal files
NR54:S71: Jim Duke's personal files
OHAI13:165: Jim Duke's personal files
PAL:335: Jim Duke's personal files
PAM: Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
PC27:973: Jim Duke's personal files
PC29(5):1667: Jung, J.H., Pummangura, S., Chaichantipyuth, c., Patarapanich, C., and McLaughlin, J.L. 1989. Bioactive Constituents of Melodorum fruticosum. Phytochemistry. 29(5): 1667-1670. 1990.
PC29:660: Jim Duke's personal files
PC36:579: Ohnishi, M., Morishita, H., Iwahashi, H., Toda, S., Shirataki, Y., Kimura, M., and Kido, R. 1993. Inhibitory Effects of Chlorogenic Acids on Linoleic Acid Peroxidation and Haemolysis. Phytochemistry. 36(3): 579-583. 1994.
PCF:18: Ki Soon Rhee. Oilseed Food Ingredients Used To Minimize Oxidative Flavor Deterioration in Meat Products. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.18.
PCF:19: Hagerman, A.E. Tannin-Protein Interactions. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.19.
PCF:21: Huang, M-T., and Ferraro, T. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Cancer Prevention. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.2 p.21.
PCF:221: Jim Duke's personal files
PCF:245: Jim Duke's personal files
PCF:25: McEvily, A.J., Iyengar, R., and Gross, A.T. Inhibition of Polyphenol Oxidase by Phenolic Compounds. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.25.
PCF:44: Jim Duke's personal files
PCF:69: Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, 69.
PFH46:77: Singh, J., Gupta, K., and Arora, S.K. 1993. Changes in the anti-nutritional factors of developing seeds and pod walls of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.). Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 46: 77-84, 1994.
PHM7:7: Jim Duke's personal files
PIL: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(1):169: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(1):171: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(1):181: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(2):264: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(2):279: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(3):241: Jim Duke's personal files
PM55:663: Planta Medica, 55: 663.
PM56(1):41: Ekeke, G.I. and Shode, F.O. 1988. Phenylalanine is the Predominant Antisickling Agent in Cajanus cajan Seed Extract. Planta Medica 56(1): 41, 1990.
PM56(2):173: Jim Duke's personal files
PM56:173: Jim Duke's personal files
PM57:A54: Planta Medica, 57: A54, 1991.
PM61:510: Jim Duke's personal files
PM69:1125: Jim Duke's personal files
PM69:820: Jim Duke's personal files
PM6:499.1986: Jim Duke's personal files
PMM: Jim Duke's personal files
PMP23:51: Jim Duke's personal files
POP:270: Jim Duke's personal files
PPL7:187: Jim Duke's personal files
PR14:401: Jim Duke's personal files
PR14:561: Jim Duke's personal files
PR4:73: Phytotherapy Research, 4: 73.
PS75:161: Abid Ali Khan, M.M., Jain, D.C., Bhakuni, R.S., Zaim, M., and Thakur, R.S. 1991. Occurrence of some antiviral sterols in Artemisia annua. Plant Science, 75: 161-165, 1991.
RAF: Jim Duke's personal files
RWG17: Jim Duke's personal files
RWG27: Jim Duke's personal files
RWG29: Jim Duke's personal files
RWG:17: Jim Duke's personal files
SHT76: Jim Duke's personal files
SKN43:99: Ichikawa, K., et al. 1991. Isolation and Structure Determination of Aldose Reductase Inhibitors from Traditional Thai Medicine, and Syntheses of Their Derivatives. Sankyo Kenkyusho Nempo, 43: 99-110.
SN138:189.1990: Science News, 138: 189, 1990.
SN149:389: Jim Duke's personal files
SN160:282: Jim Duke's personal files
SYN-X: Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
TE2: Jim Duke's personal files
TEI: Jim Duke's personal files
V&D: Vlietinck, A.J. and Dommisse, R.A. eds. 1985. Advances in Medicinal Plant Research. Wiss. Verlag. Stuttgart.
V&E: Jim Duke's personal files.
VET94: Tyler, V.E.. 1994.
WAF: Jim Duke's personal files
WER: Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
WIC: Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.
WRI: Jim Duke's personal files
X11199135: Jim Duke's personal files
X11270716: Jim Duke's personal files
X11413687: Jim Duke's personal files
X11917505: Jim Duke's personal files
X12058360: Jim Duke's personal files
X12350076: Jim Duke's personal files
X12802204: Jim Duke's personal files
X15712986: Jim Duke's personal files
X15796587: Jim Duke's personal files
X16249088: Jim Duke's personal files
X16277432: Jim Duke's personal files
X16495207: Jim Duke's personal files
X16524383: Jim Duke's personal files
X16534555: Jim Duke's personal files
X16536576: Jim Duke's personal files
X16606632: Jim Duke's personal files
X16762953: Jim Duke's personal files
X579998: Jim Duke's personal files
X634178: Jim Duke's personal files
X6654625: Jim Duke's personal files
X6724503: Jim Duke's personal files
YAK122:487: Jim Duke's personal files
ppm = parts per million
tr = trace