Observations placeholder

Dr Duke’s list of Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Colocasia esculenta (L.) SCHOTT (Araceae) -- Taro

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Chemicals

ALANINE Root 730 - 2,485 ppm

ALUMINUM Leaf 18 ppm; Root 3.9 ppm;

AMYLOPECTIN Root 176,400 - 188,640 ppm

AMYLOSE Root 68,600 - 73,360 ppm

ARABINOSE Root 3,200 - 8,560 ppm

ARGININE Leaf 2,200 - 15,340 ppm Root 1,030 - 3,510 ppm

ASCORBIC-ACID Leaf 69 - 3,625 ppm Root 325 ppm;

ASH Leaf 13,000 - 155,000 ppm Root 8,000 - 63,000 ppm

ASPARTIC-ACID Root 1,920 - 6,540 ppm

BETA-CAROTENE Leaf 18 - 298 ppm Root 0.8 ppm;

BORON Leaf 3.6 ppm; Root 0.9 - 7 ppm

CALCIUM Leaf 260 - 17,400 ppm Root 130 - 3,780 ppm

CALCIUM-OXALATE Leaf 4,000 ppm; Root 430 ppm;

CARBOHYDRATES Leaf 48,000 - 640,000 ppm Root 200,000 - 885,000 ppm

CAROTENOIDS Leaf 5 - 7.3 ppm Root 0.07 - 0.2 ppm

COPPER Leaf 1.5 ppm; Root 1.6 - 8 ppm

CYSTINE Leaf 640 - 4,465 ppm Root 320 - 1,090 ppm

FAT Leaf 6,000 - 107,000 ppm Root 1,000 - 16,000 ppm

FIBER Leaf 12,000 - 150,000 ppm Root 6,100 - 37,000 ppm

GALACTOSE Root 35,200 - 94,100 ppm

GLUTAMIC-ACID Root 1,740 - 5,925 ppm

GLYCINE Root 740 - 2,520 ppm

HEMICELLULOSE Root:

HISTIDINE Leaf 1,140 - 7,950 ppm Root 340 - 1,160 ppm

HOMOGENTISIC-ACID Rhizome:

IRON Leaf 6 - 200 ppm Root 4 - 200 ppm

ISOLEUCINE Leaf 2,600 - 18,130 ppm Root 540 - 1,840 ppm

KILOCALORIES Leaf 310 - 3,280 /kg Root 920 - 3,820 /kg

LEUCINE Leaf 3,920 - 27,335 ppm Root 1,110 - 3,780 ppm

LINOLEIC-ACID Leaf 2,140 - 14,925 ppm Root 580 - 1,975 ppm

LINOLENIC-ACID Leaf 930 - 6,485 ppm Root 250 - 850 ppm

LYSINE Leaf 2,460 - 17,155 ppm Root 670 - 2,280 ppm

MAGNESIUM Leaf 200 - 3,140 ppm Root 200 - 1,350 ppm

MANGANESE Leaf 45 ppm; Root 1.3 - 7.6 ppm

METHIONINE Leaf 790 - 5,510 ppm Root 200 - 680 ppm

MUCILAGE Root 40,000 - 10,700 ppm

MUFA Leaf 600 - 4,185 ppm Root 160 - 454 ppm

NIACIN Leaf 8 - 105 ppm Root 4 - 40 ppm

OLEIC-ACID Leaf 600 - 4,185 ppm Root 160 - 545 ppm

OXALATE Leaf 4,260 ppm; Root 650 ppm;

OXALIC-ACID Root 1,334 ppm;

PALMITIC-ACID Leaf 1,310 - 9,135 ppm Root 350 - 1,190 ppm

PHENYLALANINE Leaf 1,950 - 13,600 ppm Root 820 - 2,795 ppm

PHOSPHORUS Leaf 490 - 5,800 ppm Root 460 - 5,204 ppm

PHYTOSTEROLS Root 190 - 650 ppm

POTASSIUM Leaf 4,370 - 51,774 ppm Root 3,230 - 21,760 ppm

PROLINE Root 600 - 2,045 ppm

PROTEIN Leaf 24,000 - 347,280 ppm Root 10,000 - 112,000 ppm

PUFA Leaf 3,070 - 21,410 ppm Root 830 - 2,825 ppm

RIBOFLAVIN Leaf 3 - 35 ppm Root 0.2 - 1.6 ppm

SAPONIN Root:

SAPOTOXIN Root:

SERINE Root 920 - 3,135 ppm

SFA Leaf 1,510 - 10,530 ppm Root 410 - 1,400 ppm

SODIUM Leaf 20 - 484 ppm Root 7 - 480 ppm

STARCH Leaf 700 ppm; Root 245,000 - 262,000 ppm

STEARIC-ACID Plant 200 ppm; Root 60 - 205 ppm

SUGAR Leaf 9,200 ppm; Root 10,000 - 11,000 ppm

SULFUR Leaf 240 ppm; Root 85 - 565 ppm

THIAMIN Leaf 1.3 - 17 ppm Root 0.3 - 5 ppm

THREONINE Leaf 1,670 - 11,645 ppm Root 690 - 2,350 ppm

TRYPTOPHAN Leaf 480 - 3,345 ppm Root 230 - 785 ppm

TYROSINE Leaf 1,780 - 12,415 ppm Root 550 - 1,875 ppm

URONIC-ACID Root 800 - 2,140 ppm

VALINE Leaf 2,560 - 17,850 ppm Root 820 - 2,790 ppm

WATER Leaf 810,000 - 900,000 ppm Root 660,530 - 754,000 ppm

ZINC Leaf 6.6 ppm; Root 5 - 66 ppm

Activities

5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor

Absorbent

Acaricide

Acarifuge

ACE-Inhibitor

Acidulant FEMA 6,000

Adjuvant

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor

Allergenic

Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor

Analgesic 1-4 g/day 5-10 g/day 750 mg/4x/day/orl/man

Androgenic 3 mg/man/day

Androgenic?

Anemiagenic

Angiotensin-Receptor-Blocker

Antiacid

Antiacne 135 mg/day

Antiacrodermatitic 8-34 mg/day/orl/chd

Antiacrodynic

AntiADD 587 mg/day/orl

AntiAGE 2,000 mg/day

Antiaggregant 400 mg/day

Antiaging

Antiakathisic

Antialcoholic 50-100 mg/day

Antialdosteronic

Antialkali? 500-1,000 mg/day/orl/man

Antialkalotic

Antiallergic 50 mg/2x/day 500 mg/day

Antialopecic

Antialzheimeran 100-3,000 mg/day 2,000-6,000 mg/day 50 mg/day

Antiamblyopic

Antianaphylactic

Antiandrogenic

Antianemic

Antianginal 400 mg/day

Antiangiogenic

Antianorectic

Antianorexic

Antianxiety 500-1,000 mg/meal

Antiarabiflavinotic 2-10 mg/day orl

Antiarrhythmic 400 mg/day 500-1,500 mg

Antiarteriosclerotic

Antiarthritic 0.2-1 g/day 1,000 mg/day 50 mg/3x/day/orl/man

Antiasthmatic 1,000 mg/day

Antiatherosclerotic 400 mg/day 500 mg/day

Antibackache 1-4 g/day

Antibacterial

Antiberiberi

AntiBPH 25-60 mg/day

Anticancer

Anticanker 100 mg/day

Anticarcinomic

Anticardiospasmic

Anticarpal-Tunnel 50 mg/day

Anticataract 1 g 3x/day 15 mg/day 30 mg/day 350 mg/day 400 mg/day

Anticephalagic

Anticervicaldysplasic 1,000-2,000 mg/day 1.6-10 mg/day

AntiCFS 500-1,000 mg

Anticheilitic

Antichilblain

Anticlimacteric 1,000-1,500 mg/day 500-5,000 mg/day 500-750 mg/day

Anticoeliac

Anticold 1-2 g/man/day 50 mg

Anticolitic

Anticonvulsant 3 g/day

Anticoronary 30 mg/day 400 mg/day 50 mg/man/2 days

AntiCrohn's 50-100 mg/day/orl/man

AntiCTS 1,000 mg 3x/day

Antidandruff

Antidecubitic 500 mg/man/2x/day

Antideliriant

Antidementia 3 g/day

Antidepressant 1-3 g/3x/day/orl/man 2,000 mg/day 50-4,000 mg/day/man

Antidepressant?

Antidermatitic

Antidiabetic 10-30 mg/man/day 2-4 mg/day 3-5 mg/day 30 mg/day 400-800 mg/man/day

Antidiabetic?

Antidiscotic

Antidote (Acetaminophen) 10 g/16hr/man/orl

Antidote (Aluminum)

Antidote (Cadmium)

Antidote (Hypoglycin-A)

Antidote (Iodine)

Antidote (Lead)

Antidote (Paracetamol)

Antidote (Paraquat)

Antidysgeuzic

Antidyskinetic 2-8 g/orl/wmn/day

Antidysmenorrheic 100 mg 4 x/day

Antidyspeptic

Antidysphagic

Antieczemic 150 mg/day 3.5-5 g/day

Antiedemic 1 g/man/day

Antiencephalitic

Antiencephalopathic

Antiencephalopathic?

Antiendometriotic 2,000 mg/day 500 mg/day

Antienterotic

Antiepileptic 100 mg/day 3 g/day 450 mg/day

Antifatigue 500-1,000 mg

Antifibrinolytic

Antifibromyalgic 200-300 mg 3x/day

Antifibrotic 1,000-2,000 mg 30 mg

Antifuruncular 45 mg/3x/day/man

Antigallstone 1,000-3,000 mg/day

Antigastritic

Antigastrotic

Antigingivitic

Antiglaucomic 2 g/day

Antiglossitic

Antigranular

Antigrey

Antihangover 1,000 mg 15 mg 50 mg

Antiheartburn

Antihemorrhagic 1 g/man/day

Antihepatitic 2-6 g/man/day

Antihepatotic

Antihepatotoxic

Antiherpetic 0.5-3 g/day 1-5 g/day

Antiherpetic? 25-60 mg/day

Antihistaminic 2 g/day orl man 50 mg 2x/day

AntiHIV

Antihomocystinuric

Antihyperactivity 1.5-6 g/day

Antihyperammonemic

Antihyperkeratotic

Antihyperkinetic

Antihypertensive

Antihypoglycemic

Antiichythyotic

Antiimpotence

Antiinfective 50 mg/day

Antiinfertility 1 g/day 4 g/day 60 mg/day

Antiinflammatory 100 mg 4 x/day IC50=21 uM IC50=31 uM

Antiinsomniac 1-3 g/day

Antiinsomnic 1 g/day

Antikeratitic

Antilepric 1.5 g/man/day

Antileukonychic

Antileukoplakic

Antileukotriene-D4 IC50=21 uM IC50=31 uM

Antilipoperoxidant IC71=50 ug/ml

Antilithic 1,000-3,000 mg/day

Antilupus 150 mg/man/day/2 mos

AntiLyme 400-1,000 mg 50 mg 50 mg/day 500-2,000 mg

Antilymphomic

Antimaculitic

Antimanic 12 g/man/day/orl

Antimastalgic

Antimastitic

Antimeasles

AntiMeniere's

Antimenopausal 1,000-1,500 mg/day 500-5,000 mg/day 500-750 mg/day 6 g/day

Antimenorrhagic 100 mg/day/wmn/orl

Antimetastatic

Antimigraine 200 mg/day/man 500 mg/man/4x/day

Antimitral-valve-prolapse

Antimorphinic

AntiMS

Antimutagenic

Antimyocarditic

Antinephritic

Antinephrolytic

Antinesidioblastosic

Antineuralgic 1-4 g/day

Antineuramidase

Antineurasthenic

Antineuritic

Antineuropathic 50 mg

Antineurotic

Antinitrosic 1 g/man/day

Antinociceptive

Antinyctalopic

Antiobesity 1 g 3x/day 30 mg/day

Antiorchitic

Antiosteoarthritic 1 g 2x/day

Antiosteoporotic 3 mg/man/day 500 mg/day 500-1,000 mg/day/wmn/orl 500-2,000 mg/day

Antiototic

Antioxidant 100 ppm 125 ug/ml IC40=60

Antioxidant?

Antiozenic

Antipapillomic

Antiparkinsonian 1 g 2-3x/day 1-5 g/day 100 mg/day 100 mg/kg/day 2 g 3 x/day 200-500 mg/day/man

Antiparotitic

Antipellagric

Antiperiodontitic 1 g 2x/day 750 mg/day

Antiphenylketonuric

Antiphotophobic 30-300 mg/man/day

Antipityriasic

Antiplaque 500-1,000 mg/day

AntiPMS 1 g/day 400-800 mg/day/wmn orl 400-800 mg/day/wmn/orl

Antipneumonic

Antipodriac

Antipoliomyelitic

Antipolyneuritic

Antiporphyric 30-300 mg/man/day

Antiprolactin

Antiproliferant

Antiprostaglandin 250 pg/ml

Antiprostatitic 125-250 mg 3 x/day 50 mg/man/day/orl

Antiprostatotic

Antipruritic

Antipsoriac

Antipsychotic 12 g/man/day

Antipyretic

Antiradicular

AntiRaynaud's 1,500-4,000 mg/day 280-350 mg/day 500 mg 1-2x/day

Antiretardation

Antiretinopathic 400 mg/day

Antiretinotic

Antirheumatic 1,000 mg/day

Antirhinitic 1,000 mg 3x/day

Antiscoliotic

Antiscorbutic 10 mg/man/day

Antiscotomic

Antiseborrheic

Antiseptic 4-8 g/day 50 mg/day MIC=3.3-217 mg/ml

Antishingles

Antisickling 690 ug/ml

Antisilicotic

Antispare-Tire 30 mg/day

Antispasmodic 100 mg 2x/day 500-5,000 mg/day

Antispasmophilic 500 mg/day

Antistomatitic 50 mg/man/3x/day

Antistress 500-1,000 mg 500-1,500 mg/day 500-750 mg/day

Antistroke 400 mg/day

Antisyndrome-X 1-4 g/day 10-30 mg/man/day 30 mg/day 400 mg/man/day

Antitic

Antitinnitic 60-120 mg/day

Antitriglyceride 30 mg/day

Antitumor

Antitumor (Breast) IC45=60 ug/ml

Antitumor (CNS) IC43=45 ug/ml

Antitumor (Colon)

Antitumor (Gastric)

Antitumor (Lung) IC30=60 ug/ml

Antitumor (Prostate)

Antitumor (Stomach) IC26=45 ug/ml

Antiulcer 12 mg 3x/day/man/orl 15,000-25,000 IU/day 256 mg scu 400 mg/kg ipr rat 50 mg/3x/day/man 88 mg/rat/day/15 days

Antiuremic

Antivaginitic

Antivertigo

Antiviral 1-5 g/day

Antiviral?

Antivitiligic 100 mg/kg/day/orl/man

Antixerophthalmic

Anxiolytic 500-1,500 mg/day 500-750 mg/day

Aphrodisiac 3 g/day

Apoptotic 1-10 mM

Asthma-preventive 1,000 mg/day/orl

Astringent

Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Blocker

Beta-Blocker

Beta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor 1.5 g/day/man

Calcium-Antagonist

Calcium-Channel-Blocker

Cancer-Preventive 22 ppm

Candidicide

Carcinogenic

Cardioprotective 3,000-5,000 mg

Cardiotoxic 18,000 mg/man/day

Chemopreventive

Choleretic 5 ml/man

Circulotonic

CNS-Depressant

CNS-Paralytic

Cold-preventive 1-2 g/day

Collagenic

Colorant

Comedogenic

Comedolytic

Contraceptive

Copper-Antagonist

Cosmetic

COX-1-Inhibitor IC78=50 ug/ml

COX-2-Inhibitor IC82=50 ug/ml

Demulcent

Deodorant

Dermatitigenic

Detoxicant

Detoxicant (Alcohol)

Diuretic 700 mg/man/orl

Emetic

Emollient

Encephalopathic

Ergogenic

Essential

Estrogenic 3 mg/man/day

Fatal

Fibrinolytic

Fistula-Preventive

FLavor FEMA 1 FEMA 1,000 FEMA 1,000-2,000 FEMA 1-30 FEMA 2-4,000

Fungicide

Gastroprotective

Glutathionigenic

Hemolytic

Hemostatic

Hepatoprotective

Hepatotoxic

Hypercholesterolemic

Hypertensive

Hypnotic

Hypoammonemic

Hypoarginanemic 250 mg/kg

Hypocholesterolemic 300-1,000 mg/day 400 mg/day 50-100 mg 3x/day 500 mg/day

Hypoglycemic 10-30 mg/man/day

Hypolipidemic

Hypotensive 1 g/day 1,000 mg/man/day 10 g/man/day/orl 260-500 mg/day 3 g/day 30 mg/day

Hypouricemic

Immunomodulator

Immunostimulant 180 mg/man/day/orl

Immunosuppressant 300 mg/day/6 wks/orl/man

Inflammatory

Insectifuge 75-150 mg/man/day

Insulinase-Inhibitor

Insulinogenic 30 mg/day 400 mg/day

Insulinotonic

Interferon-Synergist

Interferonogenic

Irritant

Keratolytic

Laxative 1,000-1,200 mg 300-500 mg/day

Leptingenic 30-60 mg/man/day

Lipotropic

Lithogenic

Litholytic

Lubricant

Metastatic

Monoamine-Precursor

Mucogenic

Mucolytic 1 g/woman/day

Myorelaxant 100 mg 4 x/day

Nematicide

Neuroexcitant

Neuroinhibitor

Neuroprotective

Neurotoxic

Neurotransmitter

NF-kB-Inhibitor

NO-Genic

Osteogenic

Oxidant

Parasiticide

Percutaneostimulant

Perfumery

Pesticide

Phagocytotic

Pituitary-Stimulant

Poultice

Prolactinogenic

Prooxidant 20 ug/g

Propecic

Renotoxic

Roborant

Scabicide

Schizophrenigenic

Sedative 3-10 g/man/day

Serotoninergic 6-12 g/day/orl/man

Soap

Spermigenic 4 g/day 60 mg/day

Suppository

Sweetener 0.32 x sucrose

Testosteronigenic 60 mg/day

Thymoprotective

Tranquilizer 500-1,500 mg/day 500-750 mg/day

Tremorigenic 1,600-12,600 mg/man/day

Trichomonicide

Tumor-Promoter

Ubiquiot

Uricosuric 4 g/man/day

Urinary-Acidulant

Urine-Acidifier 200 mg/3x/day/man/orl

Urine-Deodorant

Uterorelaxant 100 mg 4 x/day

Varroacide

Vasodilator

Vulnerary

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ppm = parts per million
tr = trace