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Dr. Duke's  Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases  - Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Allium cepa L. (Liliaceae) -- Onion, Shallot

5-HEXYL-CYCLOPENTA-1,3-DIONE Bulb: Antiseptic; Pesticide

5-OCTYL-CYCLOPENTA-1,3-DIONE Bulb:  Antiseptic; Pesticide

ABSCISSIC-ACID Bulb: Juvabional; Pesticide; Phytohormonal [Any of various hormones produced by plants that control or regulate germination, growth, metabolism, or other physiological activities. Also called phytohormone.]

ACETIC-ACID Bulb: Antibacterial 5,000 ppm; Antisalmonella [Salmonella is a genus of bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Strains of Salmonella cause illnesses such as typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and food poisoning (Salmonellosis)]; Fungicide; Pesticide; Verrucolytic [verrucas are warts caused by viruses]

ALANINE Bulb 330 - 8,597 ppm   Antioxidant; Cancer-Preventive; Oxidant

ALLICIN Bulb:   Alcohol-Dehydrogenase-Inhibitor 500 uM; Allergenic; Amebicide 30 ug/ml; Anthelmintic; Antiaggregant 0.1-1 uM; Antiatherosclerotic 0.05-0.1 mg/kg orl hmn; Antibacterial 500 ug/ml MIC=27 ug/ml; Antibiotic; Anticholinesterase 500 uM; Antidiabetic; Antiflu; Antiglaucomic; Antiherpetic; Antihypertensive; Antiinflammatory; Antileukemic 31+ uM; Antileukotriene; Antilymphomic; Antimutagenic; Antineuralgic; Antioxidant 1.8 ug/ml; Antiplatelet; Antiproliferant; Antiprostaglandin IC67=50 uM; Antiradicular 1.8 ug/ml; Antisarcomic; Antiseptic; Antishigellic; Antistaphylococcic MIC=27 ug/ml; Antitriglyceride 0.05-0.1 mg/kg orl hmn; Antitubercular MIC=1.67 mg/ml; Antitumor; Antiviral; Apoptotic 31+ uM; Calcium-Antagonist IC50=56 uM gpg; Candidicide MIC 7 ug/ml; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor; Fungicide; Gram(+)icide 8-12 ppm; Gram(-)icide; Hepatotoxic 100 mg/kg/day (=500 cloves a day); Hypocholesterolemic 0.05-0.1 mg/kg orl hmn IC37-72=162 ug/ml IC50=9 uM; Hypoglycemic 0.1 mg/kg; Hypolipidemic ID50=10 uM; Immunostimulant; Insecticide; Insulin-Sparing 100 mg/kg/man; Larvicide; Lipolytic 4-6 mg/day; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor ED=25 ug/ml; Mucokinetic; Mycobactericide MIC=1.67 mg/ml; Nematicide; NO-Inhibitor IC50=2.5-5 uM; Papain-Inhibitor 500 uM; Pesticide; Phagocytotic; Prooxidant; Prostaglandin-Synthetase-Inhibitor; Succinate-Dehydrogenase-Inhibitor; Trichomonicide; Urease-Inhibitor; Vibriocide; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor

ALLIIN Bulb:   Antiaggregant IC100=60 ug/ml; Antibacterial; Antibiotic; Antidiabetic 200 mg/kg; Antihepatotoxic 0.5 ug/ml; Antineuralgic; Antioxidant; Antiplatelet; Antiradicular; Antisarcomic 1-3 mg ims rat; Antithrombotic; Antitumor; Hepatoprotective; Hypocholesterolemic; Hypoglycemic; Immunostimulant; Lipolytic 200 mg/kg orl rat 7-11 mg/day; Pesticide; Phagocytotic; Squalene-Monooxygenase-Inhibitor IC50=120 uM/l

ALLYL-PROPYL-DISULFIDE Bulb: Hypoglycemic; Insulin-Sparing 125 mg/kg/man; Occuloirritant

ALPHA-AMYRIN Bulb:  Analgesic; Antiedemic IC43=40 mg/kg ipr rat; Antiinflammatory IC71=1,000 ppm orl; Antinociceptive; Antitumor; Antiulcer; Cytotoxic 50-400; Gastroprotective; Hepatoprotective; Insectifuge

ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL Bulb 0.4 - 30 ppm [Vitamin E]

ARGININE Bulb 1,580 - 17,222 ppm [amino acid]

ARSENIC Bulb 0.002 - 0.076 ppm

ASCORBIC-ACID Bulb 60 - 2,703 ppm Leaf 390 - 5,000 ppm [vitamin C]

ASPARAGINE Bulb: Antisickling; Diuretic

ASPARTIC-ACID Bulb 640 - 6,967 ppm  Antimorphinic; Neuroexcitant; Roborant

BENZYL-ISOTHIOCYANATE Bulb:  Albuminurigenic; Allergenic; Anthelmintic; Antiasthmatic; Antibacterial; Antibiotic; Antimutagenic; Antineoplastic; Antinitrosaminic; Antitumor; Antiviral; Flatulent; Fungicide; Herbicide IC100=0.4 mM; Insecticide; Irritant; Laxative 90 mg cow; Nematicide 0.3-6 mM; Pesticide; Viristat

BETA-CAROTENE Bulb 52 ppm; Flower 28 ppm; Leaf 12 - 158 ppm [Vitamin A]

BETA-SITOSTEROL Bulb:

Androgenic; Angiogenic; Anorexic; Antiadenomic; Antiandrogenic; Antibacterial; Anticancer (Breast); Anticancer (Cervix); Anticancer (Lung); Antiedemic IC54=320 mg/kg orl; Antiestrogenic; Antifeedant; Antifertility; Antigonadotrophic; Antihyperlipoproteinaemic; Antiinflammatory; Antileukemic; Antilymphomic; Antimutagenic 250 ug/ml; Antiophidic 2.3 mg mus; Antioxidant IC44=10 uM; Antiprogestational; Antiprostaglandin 30 mg/day/12 wks; Antiprostatadenomic; Antiprostatitic 10-20 mg 3 x/day/orl man; Antipyretic; Antitumor (Breast); Antitumor (Cervix); Antitumor (Lung); Antiviral; Apoptotic; Artemicide LC50=110 ppm; Cancer-Preventive; Candidicide; Caspase-8-Inducer; Estrogenic; Febrifuge; Gonadotrophic; Hepatoprotective; Hypocholesterolemic 2-6 g/man/day/orl 9-3,330 mg/man/day/orl; Hypoglycemic; Hypolipidemic 2-6 g/day; Pesticide; Spermicide; Ubiquiot; Ulcerogenic 500 mg/kg ipr rat

BORON Bulb 1 - 45 ppm  mineral

CAFFEIC-ACID Bulb: see link

CALCIUM Bulb 200 - 3,008 ppm mineral

CALCIUM-OXALATE Bulb:  Emetic; Inflammatory; Laxative; Lithogenic

CAMPESTEROL Bulb:  Antioxidant IC37=10 uM; Hypocholesterolemic

CARBOHYDRATES Bulb 73,200 - 798,000 ppm Leaf 47,000 - 603,000 ppm

CATECHOL Bulb:  Allelochemic IC50=0.65 mM; Allergenic; Anticancer (Breast); Antigonadotropic; Antioxidant; Antiseptic; Antistomatitic; Antithiamin; Antithyreotropic; Antitumor; Antitumor (Breast); Antiviral; Cancer-Preventive; Carcinogenic 0.8% diet 2% diet; Co-carcinogenic; Convulsant; Dermatitigenic; Herbicide; Pesticide; Quinone-Reductase-Inducer; Tumor-Promoter <0.2% diet

CHOLINE Bulb 830 ppm; see link

CHROMIUM Bulb 0.057 - 4 ppm Seed 4.8 ppm; mineral

CITRIC-ACID Bulb: Allergenic; Alpha-Amylase-Inhibitor; Antiaphthic 20,000 ppm; Antiatherosclerotic; Antibacterial; Anticalculic; Anticoagulant; Antileishmanic; Antimutagenic; Antioxidant Synergist; Antiseborrheic; Antiseptic; Antitubercular; Antitumor; Disinfectant; FLavor FEMA 370-4,400; Hemostat; Irritant; Laxative?; Litholytic; Mycobactericide; Odontolytic; Refrigerant

COBALT Bulb 0.001 - 0.2 ppm Seed 2.5 ppm; mineral

COPPER Bulb 0.3 - 11 ppm Seed 18.2 ppm; mineral

CYCLOALLIIN Bulb:  Antiaggregant; Fibrinolytic; Lachrymatory

CYCLOARTENOL Bulb:  Antibacterial; Antiinflammatory; Antirheumatic 2-5 mg/man; Antistaphylococcic; Hypocholesterolemic; Pesticide; Ubiquiot

CYCLOEUCALENOL Bulb:  Antibacterial; Antistaphylococcic; Pesticide

CYSTEINE Bulb: amino acid

CYSTINE Bulb 210 - 2,289 ppm Adjuvant; Antihomocystinuric

DIMETHYL-DISULFIDE Bulb:  Antithyroid; Perfumery Fragrance

DIPHENYLAMINE Bulb 14 - 11,000 ppm  Antidiabetic 10 mg/kg orl rbt; Hypoglycemic; Nephrotoxic 35 mg/day (=100 g onion)

ETHANOL Bulb:  Allergenic; Anesthetic 4,000 orl cat 6,000 orl rat; Anhydrotic; Antiatherosclerotic; Antibacterial; Antipruritic; Antiseptic; CNS-Depressant; Expectorant; Hepatotoxic; Hypertensive >1 drink/day; Hypnotic Antidote=Naloxone; Hypocalcemic 4,000 orl rat; Hypotensive 1 drink/day; Mucotropic; Neurolytic; Pesticide; Rubefacient; Sclerosant; Surfactant; Teratogenic 6,000 orl dog; Tremorilytic; Ulcerogenic 5 ml/kg (50%) orl rat

FAT Bulb 1,000 - 36,079 ppm Leaf 6,000 - 77,000 ppm

FERULIC-ACID Bulb:  see link

FIBER Bulb 4,400 - 126,000 ppm Leaf 11,000 - 141,000 ppm

FLUORINE Bulb 0.04 - 0.8 ppm

FRUCTOSE Bulb 65,600 - 162,600 ppm  Antialcoholic; Antidiabetic; Antihangover; Antiketotic; Antinauseant; Laxative; Neoplastic; Sweetener 2 x glucose

FUMARIC-ACID Bulb: Acidulant; Antidermatitic; Antihepatocarcinogenic IC100=1% (diet); Antioxidant; Antipsoriac; Antitumor; FLavor FEMA 50-3,600

GLUCOSE Bulb 102,000 - 158,600 ppm Acetylcholinergic; Antiedemic; Antihepatotoxic; Antiketotic; Antivaricose; Hyperglycemic; Memory-Enhancer

GLUTAMINE Bulb: amino acid

GLYCINE Bulb 490 - 5,341 ppm amino acid

GLYCOLIC-ACID Bulb:  Cholesterolytic; Diuretic; Hepatotonic; Irritant

HISTIDINE Bulb 190 - 2,071 ppm amino acid

IRON Bulb 2 - 135 ppm Leaf 34 - 436 ppm Seed 235 ppm; mineral

ISOLEUCINE Bulb 420 - 4,578 ppm amino acid

KAEMPFEROL Bulb:  see link

LEUCINE Bulb 410 - 4,469 ppm  amino acid

LINOLEIC-ACID Seed Oil: see link

LITHIUM Bulb 0.152 - 0.324 ppm Antidepressant; Antihyperthyroid; Antimanic; AntiPMS; Antipsychotic; Antischizophrenic; Antiviral; Cholinergic; Deliriant; Natriuretic; Nephrotoxic

LYSINE Bulb 560 - 6,104 ppm amino acid

MAGNESIUM Bulb 76 - 1,230 ppm mineral

MALIC-ACID Bulb: Leaf:  Antiatherosclerotic; Antibacterial; Antifibromyalgic 300 mg 3x/day; Antioxidant Synergist; Antiseborrheic; Antiseptic; Antitubercular; Antitumor; Bacteristat; Bruchiphobe; Hemopoietic; Laxative?; Mycobactericide; Pesticide; Sialogogue

MANGANESE Bulb 1 - 38 ppm Seed 19.4 ppm; mineral

METHANOL Bulb:  Antidote =Sodium-bicarbonate; AntiHIV EC50=<20 ug/ml

METHIONINE Bulb 100 - 1,090 ppm amino acid

MOLYBDENUM Bulb 0.1 - 2.3 ppm mineral

MUFA Bulb 230 - 2,230 ppm  Allergenic; Anemiagenic; Antiinflammatory IC50=21 uM; Antileukotriene-D4; Cancer-Preventive; Choleretic 5 ml/man; Dermatitigenic; FLavor FEMA 1-30; Hypocholesterolemic; Insectifuge; Irritant; Percutaneostimulant; Perfumery

MYRISTIC-ACID Bulb 10 - 100 ppm  Antioxidant IC71=60; Cancer-Preventive; Cosmetic; Hypercholesterolemic; Lubricant; Nematicide

NIACIN Bulb 1 - 75 ppm Leaf 7 - 90 ppm Vitamin B3

OLEANOLIC-ACID Bulb:  Abortifacient; Antiallergic; Antiarrhythmic 40 mg/kg; Antiatherosclerotic; Antibacterial MIC=625-1,250 ug/ml; Anticarcinomic; Anticariogenic; Anticomplement IC40-50 0.01 mM/l gpg IC80-90 0.05 mM/l gpg; Antiedemic IC36=40 mg/kg ipr rat; Antifertility; Antigingivitic MIC=625-1,250 ug/ml; Antihepatotoxic; AntiHIV EC50=1.7 ug/ml IC50=21.8 ug/ml; Antihyperlipidemic; Antiinflammatory 40 mg/kg ipr; Antiischemic 40 mg/kg; Antileukemic; Antileukotriene IC50=17 uM; Antimalarial IC50=70-89 ug/ml; Antinephritic IC50=19-24 uM; Antioxidant IC46=10 uM; Antiperiodontic MIC=625-1,250 ug/ml; Antiperoxidant IC30=200 ug/ml; AntiPGE2 IC50=24 uM; Antiplaque MIC=625-1,250 ug/ml; Antiplasmodial IC50=70-89 ug/ml; Antisarcomic; Antiseptic MIC=625-1,250 ug/ml; AntiTGF-beta IC50=19-24 uM; Antitumor; Antitumor (Breast); Antitumor (Colon); Antitumor (Kidney); Antitumor (Lung); Antitumor (Pancreas); Antiulcer >carbenoxolone; Antiviral EC50=1.7 ug/ml IC50=21.8 ug/ml; Aromatase-Inhibitor; Beta-Blocker; Beta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor ~100 mg/kg; Cancer-Preventive; Cardioprotective 40 mg/kg; Cardiotonic; COX-2-Inhibitor IC50=295 uM/; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor; Diuretic; Elastase-Inhibitor IC50=~15 uM; Hepatoprotective; Hypolipemic; Hypotensive; Immunomodulator; Leucocytogenic; NF-kB-Inhibitor; Phagocytotic; Piscicide; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor igs mus; Sedative; Uterotonic; Vasopressor

OLEIC-ACID Bulb 230 - 2,230 ppm Seed Oil:  5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor; Allergenic; Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor; Anemiagenic; Antialopecic; Antiandrogenic; Antiinflammatory IC50=21 uM; Antileukotriene-D4; Cancer-Preventive; Choleretic 5 ml/man; Dermatitigenic; FLavor FEMA 1-30; Hypocholesterolemic; Insectifuge; Irritant; Percutaneostimulant; Perfumery; Propecic

OXALIC-ACID Bulb 10 ppm;  Acaricide; Antiseptic; CNS-Paralytic; Fatal; Hemostatic; Irritant; Pesticide; Renotoxic; Varroacide

P-COUMARIC-ACID Bulb:  Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 4 ug/ml (weak activity); Allelopathic; Antibacterial; Anticlastogen; Antifertility; Antihepatotoxic; Antileukemic IC50=25-56 ug/ml; Antinitrosaminic; Antioxidant 1/3 BHA IC24=30 ppm; Antiperoxidant IC50=>100 uM; Antiseptic; Antispasmodic; Antitumor; Cancer-Preventive; Chemopreventive; Choleretic; Cytotoxic; Diaphoretic?; Fungicide; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC11=5 mM; Pesticide; Prostaglandigenic; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor; Tyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=3,650 uM

PALMITIC-ACID Bulb 240 - 2,325 ppm  5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor; Antialopecic; Antiandrogenic; Antifibrinolytic; Antioxidant IC40=60; FLavor FEMA 1; Hemolytic; Hypercholesterolemic; Lubricant; Nematicide; Pesticide; Propecic; Soap

PANTOTHENIC-ACID Bulb 1 - 16 ppm [Vitamin B5]

PECTIN Bulb:  Antiatheromic 15 g/man/day; Antibacterial; Antidiabetic 10 g/man/day/orl; Antidiarrheic; Antienteritic; Antigallstone; Antigastritic; Antilithic; Antimetastatic; Antimutagenic; Antiobesity; Antitumor (Colon); Antitumor (Prostate); Antitussive; Antiulcer; Cancer-Preventive; Chemopreventive; Demulcent; Fungicide; Hemostat; Hypocholesterolemic; Hypoglycemic; Peristaltic; Pesticide

PHENYLALANINE Bulb 300 - 3,270 ppm amino acid

PHLOROGLUCINOL Bulb 100 ppm;  Antiseptic; Antispasmodic 480 mg/day/orl man; Antitumor-Promoter; Cancer-Preventive; Decalcifier; Fungicide; Goitrogenic; Pesticide

PHOSPHORUS Bulb 275 - 4,038 ppm Leaf 310 - 5,513 ppm mineral

PHYTOSTEROLS Bulb 150 - 1,455 ppm Antiprostatotic; Hypocholesterolemic

POTASSIUM Bulb 1,514 - 22,164 ppm mineral

PROLINE Bulb 370 - 4,033 ppm amino acid

PROSTAGLANDIN-A-1 Bulb 1 ppm; Cancer-Preventive; Hypotensive

PROTEIN Bulb 10,940 - 162,000 ppm Leaf 18,000 - 231,000 ppm

PROTOCATECHUIC-ACID Bulb 4,500 - 17,540 ppm  Allergenic; Alpha-Glucosidase-Inhibitor; Antiarrhythmic; Antiasthmatic; Antibacterial; Anticlastogen; Antihepatotoxic; Antiherpetic; Antiinflammatory; Antiischemic; AntiLegionella; Antileukemic; Antimelanogenic ID60=0.5 uM/ml; Antimutagenic; Antiophidic; Antioxidant 1/2 BHT 10 x alpha-tocopherol 2/3 quercetin; Antiperoxidant IC50=>100 uM IC75=200 ug/ml; Antiradicular; Antiseptic; Antispasmodic EC50=4.6-17 uM; Antitumor (Colon); Antitumor (Mouth); Antitumor (Skin); Antitussive; Antiviral; Apoptotic; Carcinogenic; Cardioprotective; Chemopreventive 100 ppm orl rat; Fungicide 500 ug/ml; Glutathione-Depleting; Hepatotoxic; Immunostimulant; Nephrotoxic; Pesticide; Phagocytotic; Prostaglandigenic; Secretogogue; Tyrosinase-Inhibitor ID60=0.5 uM/ml; Ubiquiot

PUFA Bulb 620 - 6,005 ppm Antiacne; Antieczemic; AntiMS; Antipolyneuritic

PYROCATECHOL Bulb: Anticancer (Breast); Antihepatotoxic; Antioxidant; Antiseptic; Cardiovascular 100 mg/kg ivn dog; CNS-Stimulant 5 mg/kg ivn cat; Dermatitigenic; Dye; Insectifuge; Nematicide; Pesticide; Quinone-Reductase-Inducer

QUERCETIN Bulb 48,100 ppm; 11B-HSD-Inhibitor; 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC50 (uM)=4; Aldehyde-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC70-96=10 uM; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 uM 4 ug/ml IC50=0.344 uM IC50=0.84 ug/ml cow; Allelochemic IC82=1 mM; Allergenic; Analgesic; Antiaflatoxin IC50=25 uM IC50=7.5 ppm; Antiaggregant 30 uM IC50=55 uM; Antiaging; Antiallergic IC50=14 uM; Antialzheimeran; Antianaphylactic; Antiangiogenic; Antiarthritic; Antiasthmatic; Antiatherosclerotic; Antibacterial; Anticarcinomic (Breast) IC50=1.5 uM; Anticariogenic ID50=120 ug/ml; Anticataract; Anticolitic 400 mg/man/3x/day; Anticomplementary; AntiCrohn's; Anticystitic 1,000 mg/day/4 weeks; Antidepressant; Antidermatitic; Antidiabetic; Antielastase IC50=0.8 ug/ml; Antiencephalitic; Antiescherichic; Antiestrogenic; Antifeedant IC52=<1,000 ppm diet; Antifibrosarcomic; Antiflu; Antigastric; Antigonadotropic; AntiGTF ID50=120 ug/ml; Antihepatotoxic; Antiherpetic 48-150 ug/ml; Antihistaminic IC50=<10 uM; AntiHIV; Antihydrophobic; Antihypertensive; Antiinflammatory 20-150 mg/kg; Antileishmanic IC50=64; Antileukemic 5.5-60 uM IC50=10 uM IC50=>10 ug/ml; Antileukotriene; Antilipoperoxidant IC67=50; Antimalarial IC50=1-6.4 ug/ml; Antimelanomic; Antimetastatic; Antimutagenic ID50=0.62 ug/ml ID50=2-5 nM; Antimyocarditic; Antinitrosaminic; Antinociceptive; Antioxidant 4.7 x Vit. E ED50=2.3 uM IC47=10 uM IC96=300 ppm; Antipancreatitic; Antiperiodontal; Antiperistaltic; Antipermeability; Antiperoxidant; Antipharyngitic; Antiplaque; Antiplasmodial IC50=13-64; AntiPMS 500 mg/2x/day/wmn; Antipodriac; Antipolio; Antiproliferant 10 nM; Antiprostanoid; Antiprostatitic; Antipsoriac; Antiradicular IC50=4.6 uM; Antispasmodic; Antistreptococcic ID50=120 ug/ml; Antithiamin; Antithrombic; Antitrypanosomic IC50=13; Antitumor 10 uM; Antitumor (Bladder); Antitumor (Breast); Antitumor (Colon); Antitumor (Lung); Antitumor (Ovary); Antitumor (Skin) 20 uM; Antitumor-Promoter; Antiulcer; Antiviral 48-150 ug/ml IC50=10 uM; Apoptotic 20-60 uM; ATPase-Inhibitor; Bacteristat 10 mg/ml; Bradycardiac; Calmodulin-Antagonist; cAMP-Phosphodiesterase-Inhibitor; Cancer-Preventive; Candidicide; Capillariprotective; Carcinogenic 40,000 ppm (diet) mus; Catabolic; COMT-Inhibitor; Copper-Chelator; COX-2-Inhibitor <40 uM; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor; Cytochrome-P450-1A2-Inhibitor; Cytotoxic ED50=70 ug/ml IC82=100 ug/ml; Deiodinase-Inhibitor; Diaphoretic?; Differentiator 5.5 uM; Estrogenic 10% genistein; Fungicide; Glucosyl-Transferase-Inhibitor ID50=120 ug/ml; Hemostat; Hepatomagenic 5,000 ppm (diet) rat; Hepatoprotective; HIV-RT-Inhibitor IC50=<1 ug/ml; Hypoglycemic 100 mg/kg orl rat; iNOS-Inhibitor IC50=20 uM; Inotropic; Insulinogenic; Juvabional; Larvistat 8,000 ppm diet; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC11=1.25 mM IC50=0.1-5 uM; MAO-A-Inhibitor; Mast-Cell-Stabilizer; Metal-Chelator (Copper); Metalloproteinase-Inhibitor IC50=>42 uM; MMP-9-Inhibitor 20 uM; Mutagenic; NADH-Oxidase-Inhibitor; NEP-Inhibitor IC50=>42 uM; Neuroprotective 5-25 uM; NF-kB-Inhibitor; NO-Inhibitor IC50=20 uM IC>50=125 uM; NO-Synthase-Inhibitor 5-50 uM; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor <10 uM; P450-Inducer 5 uM; P450-Inhibitor 50-100 uM; Pesticide; PGE2-Inhibitor; Phospholipase-Inhibitor; Plasmodicide; Proliferant; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor 40 ug/ml; Protein-Kinase-C-Inhibitor; PTK-Inhibitor 0.4-24 uM; Quinone-Reductase-Inducer 13 uM 6 uM; Teratologic; TNF-alpha-Inhibitor IC50=3.11 uM; Topoisomerase-I-Inhibitor IC50=12.8 ug/ml IC50=42 uM; Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor IC50=1-6.9 ug/ml IC50=23-40 uM; Tumorigenic 0.1% diet orl rat/yr; Tyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=70 uM; Tyrosine-Kinase-Inhibitor; Vasodilator; VEGF-Inhibitor; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor 3.1 uM IC50=10.6 ug/ml IC50=>0.4 ug/ml

QUERCETIN-3-O-BETA-D-GLUCOSIDE Bulb 40 ppm; Antiinflammatory; Cancer-Preventive

QUINIC-ACID Bulb: Choleretic

RAFFINOSE Bulb: Flatugenic

RIBOFLAVIN Bulb 0.4 - 15 ppm Vitamin B2

RUTIN Bulb: 5-HT-Inhibitor; Aldehyde-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC27-52=10 uM; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 uM 4 ug/ml; Allelochemic; Antiaggregant ED50=33 nmol/kg iv; Antiallergic; Antiapoplectic; Antiatherogenic; Antiatherosclerotic; Antibacterial; Anticancer; Anticapillary-Fragility 20-100 mg orl man; Anticataract; Anticlastogen; Anticonvulsant; AntiCVI 270 mg/man/day; Antidementia; Antidermatitic; Antidiabetic; Antiedemic 270 mg/day orl man; Antierythemic; Antifeedant; Antiglaucomic 60 mg/day; Antihematuric; Antihemorrhoidal; Antihepatotoxic; Antiherpetic; Antihistaminic; Antihypertensive; Antiinflammatory 20 mg/kg; Antimalarial IC50=>100 ug/ml; Antimelanomic; Antimetastatic; Antimutagenic ID50=2-5 nM; Antinephritic; Antinociceptive; Antioxidant IC28=30 ppm IC50=120 uM IC54=10 uM; Antiperoxidant IC50=10-20 uM; Antiplatelet; Antiproliferant 50-75 uM/l; Antiprotozoal; Antipurpuric; Antiradicular 9 x quercetin; Antispasmodic; Antisunburn; Antithrombogenic EC50=500 nM; Antithyroid IC50=68 uM; Antitrypanosomic 100 mg/kg; Antitumor; Antitumor-Promoter; Antiulcer; Antivaricose; Antiviral; Apoptotic 75 uM/l; cAMP-Phosphodiesterase-Inhibitor; Cancer-Preventive; Capillariprotective; Catabolic; Chemopreventive; Cytoprotective IC50=3 uM; Estrogenic?; Hemostat; Hepatomagenic 20,000 ppm (diet) rat; Hepatoprotective 20 mg/kg rat; Hypocholesterolemic; Hypotensive; Immunomodulator; Insecticide; Insectiphile; Juvabional; Larvistat IC95=4,000-8,000 ppm diet; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC75=2.5 mM; Mutagenic; Myoprotective; Myorelaxant; Oviposition-Stimulant; PAF-Inhibitor; Pesticide; Protisticide; Radioprotective; Sunscreen; Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor IC50=1 ug/ml; Vasodilator; Vasopressor

S-METHYL-CYSTEINE-SULFOXIDE Bulb: Antidiabetic; Antihypercholesterolemic

SELENIUM Bulb 0.001 - 0.003 ppm  mineral

SERINE Bulb 350 - 3,815 ppm see link

SILICON Bulb 1 - 75 ppm  Antiarteriosclerotic; Antionychyotic; Antiosteoporotic; Cardioprotective

SILVER Bulb 0.038 - 0.054 ppm  Antibacterial; Astringent; Pesticide

SINAPIC-ACID Bulb:  Antibacterial; Antihepatotoxic; Antioxidant IC27=30 ppm; Antiperoxynitrite IC39=5 uM IC60=20 uM IC75=100 uM; Cancer-Preventive; Fungicide; Pesticide

SODIUM Bulb 8 - 2,052 ppm mineral

SPIRAEOSIDE Bulb 10,000 - 11,300 ppm  Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor IC51=10 uM IC9=1 uM; Antioxidant; Quinone-Reductase-Inducer

STEARIC-ACID Bulb 20 - 195 ppm  5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor; Cosmetic; FLavor FEMA 2-4,000; Hypocholesterolemic; Lubricant; Perfumery; Propecic; Suppository

STIGMASTEROL Bulb:  Antihepatotoxic; Antiinflammatory; Antinociceptive; Antiophidic 2.3 mg ipr mus; Antioxidant IC33=10 uM; Antiviral; Artemicide LC50=110 ppm; Cancer-Preventive; Estrogenic; Hypocholesterolemic; Ovulant; Sedative

SUCCINIC-ACID Bulb:  Additive FEMA 200-2,000; Antifeedant; Bruchiphobe; Cancer-Preventive; Dye; Perfumery; Pesticide

SUCROSE Bulb 82,600 - 145,900 ppm  Aggregant; Antihiccup 1 tsp; Antiophthalmic; Antioxidant; Atherogenic; Collyrium; Demulcent; Flatugenic; Hypercholesterolemic; Preservative; Sweetener 1 x sucrose; Triglycerigenic; Uricogenic; Vulnerary

SULFUR Bulb 80 - 4,075 ppm mineral

TARTARIC-ACID Bulb:  Acidifier; Additive; Antioxidant Synergist; FLavor FEMA 500-10,000; Irritant; Sequestrant

THIAMIN Bulb 0.3 - 6 ppm Leaf 0.5 - 6.4 ppm [Vitamin B1]

THREONINE Bulb 280 - 3,052 ppm  Antioxidant?; Antiulcer; Essential; FLavor FEMA 1,000

TRIGONELLINE Seed 13 ppm;  Anticancer (Cervix); Anticancer (Liver); Antihyperglycemic; Antimigraine; Antiseptic; Antitumor (Cervix); Antitumor (Liver); Epidermal-Stimulant; Hypocholesterolemic; Hypoglycemic 50 mg/kg orl rat 500-3,000 mg/man/day; Mutagenic; Osmoregulator; Pesticide; Propecic

TRYPTOPHAN Bulb 170 - 1,853 ppm  amino acid

TULIPOSIDE-A Root: Antiallergic

TYROSINE Bulb 290 - 3,161 ppm amino acid

VALINE Bulb 270 - 2,943 ppm amino acid

VANILLIC-ACID Bulb 258 ppm;  Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 uM/l; Allelopathic; Anthelmintic; Antibacterial 1.5-15 mg/ml; Anticancer; Antifatigue; Antiinflammatory; Antileukemic IC50=25-56 ug/ml; Antioxidant 1/3 BHA IC21=30 ppm; Antiperoxidant IC15-65=100-200 ug/ml; Antiradicular 7 x quercetin; Antiseptic; Antisickling; Antitumor; Antitumor-Promoter; Ascaricide; Cancer-Preventive; Choleretic; Fungicide; Immunosuppressant; Laxative; Pesticide; Ubiquiot

WATER Bulb 866,000 - 918,000 ppm Leaf 922,000 ppm;

XYLITOL Bulb: Anticariogenic?; Antihemolytic; Antiplaque?; Bilirubinolytic; Diuretic; Flatulent; Hepatoprotective; Hyperuricemic; Laxative; Sweetener 1 x sucrose

XYLOSE Bulb: Antidiabetic; Diagnostic; Dye

ZINC Bulb 2 - 53 ppm Seed 34 ppm;   mineral